Virtu Financial, LLC

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virt-20240930

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-37352

Virtu Financial, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware			32-0420206
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)


		10019
1633 Broadway
New York,	New York
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(212) 418-0100

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share

VIRT

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒


Class of Stock						Shares outstanding as of October 21, 2024
Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share						85,953,825
Class C common stock, par value $0.00001 per share						8,575,052
Class D common stock, par value $0.00001 per share						60,091,740

Table of Contents

VIRTU FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED September 30, 2024


		PAGE NUMBER

PART I -	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	10

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	49

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	81

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	83

PART II -	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	84

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	84

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	84

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	85

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	85

Item 5.	Other Information	85

Item 6.	Exhibits	86

	SIGNATURES	87

Table of Contents

PART I

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Index to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements


			PAGE NUMBER



Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (Unaudited)			3

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)			5

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited)			6

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)			8

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)			10

Table of Contents

Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (Unaudited)


(in thousands, except share data)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	701,405	$	820,436
Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other	36,823		35,024
Securities borrowed	2,301,690		1,722,440
Securities purchased under agreements to resell	708,773		1,512,114
Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations ($41,837 and $— at fair value, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	1,194,193		737,724
Trading assets, at fair value:
Financial instruments owned	5,195,334		6,127,752
Financial instruments owned and pledged	1,990,693		1,230,859

Receivables from customers	169,565		106,245
Property, equipment and capitalized software (net of accumulated depreciation of $369,697 and $367,779 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	93,899		100,365
Operating lease right-of-use assets	190,261		229,499
Goodwill	1,148,926		1,148,926
Intangibles (net of accumulated amortization of $416,677 and $381,973 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	214,971		257,520
Deferred tax assets	122,399		133,760
Assets of business held for sale	4,637		—
Other assets ($105,162 and $84,521, at fair value, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	327,137		303,720
Total assets	$	14,400,706	$	14,466,384

Liabilities and equity
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	$	128,761	$	—
Securities loaned	2,109,164		1,329,446
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	1,045,811		1,795,994
Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations ($88,318 and $7,661, at fair value, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	619,640		1,167,712
Payables to customers	97,774		23,229
Trading liabilities, at fair value:
Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased	6,335,171		6,071,352
Tax receivable agreement obligations	196,254		216,480

Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	469,796		451,293
Operating lease liabilities	236,253		278,317
Long-term borrowings	1,741,543		1,727,205
Liabilities of business held for sale	1,184		—
Total liabilities	12,981,351		13,061,028

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 15)

Virtu Financial Inc. Stockholders' equity
Class A common stock (par value $0.00001), Authorized — 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 shares, Issued — 137,223,462 and 134,901,037 shares, Outstanding — 86,392,168 and 89,092,686 shares at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	1		1
Class B common stock (par value $0.00001), Authorized — 175,000,000 and 175,000,000 shares, Issued and Outstanding — 0 and 0 shares at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	—		—
Class C common stock (par value $0.00001), Authorized — 90,000,000 and 90,000,000 shares, Issued and Outstanding — 8,575,052 and 8,607,998 shares at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	—		—
Class D common stock (par value $0.00001), Authorized — 175,000,000 and 175,000,000 shares, Issued and Outstanding — 60,091,740 and 60,091,740 shares at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	1		1
Treasury stock, at cost, 50,831,294 and 45,808,351 shares at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	(1,282,210)		(1,166,299)
Additional paid-in capital	1,415,956		1,351,574
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)	1,097,693		1,000,403

Table of Contents

Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (Unaudited)


(in thousands, except share data)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	964		17,047
Total Virtu Financial Inc. stockholders' equity	1,232,405		1,202,727
Noncontrolling interest	186,950		202,629
Total equity	1,419,355		1,405,356

Total liabilities and equity	$	14,400,706	$	14,466,384

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

Table of Contents

Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenues:
Trading income, net	$	443,997	$	316,085	$	1,278,487	$	1,034,764
Interest and dividends income	125,229		127,693		338,287		307,916
Commissions, net and technology services	131,621		110,276		376,333		341,223
Other, net	5,993		76,110		49,557		73,493
Total revenue	706,840		630,164		2,042,664		1,757,396

Operating Expenses:
Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net	176,745		123,245		467,331		391,238
Communication and data processing	59,601		57,066		177,110		170,837
Employee compensation and payroll taxes	107,646		97,221		314,185		296,214

Interest and dividends expense	136,070		132,802		385,791		342,896
Operations and administrative	24,939		22,416		69,346		72,204
Depreciation and amortization	16,486		15,815		48,640		47,076
Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software	11,848		15,967		38,688		48,007
Termination of office leases	17		364		50		314
Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment and commitment fees	1,767		1,796		27,740		5,744
Transaction advisory fees and expenses	69		6		264		30


Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings	24,492		25,361		71,154		74,499
Total operating expenses	559,680		492,059		1,600,299		1,449,059
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	147,160		138,105		442,365		308,337
Provision for income taxes	28,137		20,512		83,917		51,117
Net income	119,023		117,593		358,448		257,220
Noncontrolling interest	(59,071)		(55,678)		(176,093)		(120,722)

Net income available for common stockholders	$	59,952	$	61,915	$	182,355	$	136,498

Earnings per share
Basic	$	0.65	$	0.63	$	1.95	$	1.36
Diluted	$	0.64	$	0.63	$	1.95	$	1.36

Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic	87,152,658		93,408,537		88,093,082		95,376,590
Diluted	87,536,847		93,408,537		88,340,592		95,376,590

Net income	$	119,023	$	117,593	$	358,448	$	257,220
Other comprehensive income
Foreign exchange translation adjustment, net of taxes	6,835		(4,005)		3,745		170
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gain (loss), net of taxes	(19,568)		(7,646)		(30,931)		(12,612)
Comprehensive income	106,290		105,942		331,262		244,778
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(54,083)		(50,832)		(164,990)		(115,557)
Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders	$	52,207	$	55,110	$	166,272	$	129,221

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

Table of Contents

Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited)

Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023


	Class A Common Stock			Class C Common Stock			Class D Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)		Total Virtu Financial Inc. Stockholders' Equity		Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
(in thousands, except share and interest data)	Shares	Amounts		Shares	Amounts		Shares	Amounts		Shares	Amounts		Amounts



























































































































Balance at December 31, 2023	134,901,037	$	1	8,607,998	$	—	60,091,740	$	1	(45,808,351)	$	(1,166,299)	$	1,351,574	$	1,000,403	$	17,047	$	1,202,727	$	202,629	$	1,405,356
Share based compensation	2,596,226	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		28,883		—		—		28,883		—		28,883

Treasury stock purchases	(946,267)	—		—	—		—	—		(1,959,076)	(35,889)		—		(16,013)		—		(51,902)		—		(51,902)


Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		55,817		—		55,817		55,491		111,308
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(2,037)		(2,037)		(1,489)		(3,526)
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		894		894		653		1,547
Dividends ($0.24 per share of Class A common stock and participating Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards) and distributions from Virtu Financial to noncontrolling interest	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(22,660)		—		(22,660)		(44,929)		(67,589)



Balance at March 31, 2024	136,550,996	$	1	8,607,998	$	—	60,091,740	$	1	(47,767,427)	$	(1,202,188)	$	1,380,457	$	1,017,547	$	15,904	$	1,211,722	$	212,355	$	1,424,077
Share based compensation	20,000	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		13,076		—		—		13,076		—		13,076

Treasury stock purchases	(8,665)	—		—	—		—	—		(1,384,593)	(31,244)		—		(191)		—		(31,435)		—		(31,435)
Stock options exercised	29,375	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		558				—		558		—		558
Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		66,586		—		66,586		61,531		128,117
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		221		221		215		436
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(7,416)		(7,416)		(5,494)		(12,910)
Dividends ($0.24 per share of Class A and Class B common stock and participating Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards) and distributions from Virtu Financial to noncontrolling interest	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(22,368)		—		(22,368)		(70,727)		(93,095)





Balance at June 30, 2024	136,591,706	$	1	8,607,998	$	—	60,091,740	$	1	(49,152,020)	$	(1,233,432)	$	1,394,091	$	1,061,574	$	8,709	$	1,230,944	$	197,880	$	1,428,824
Share based compensation	204,193	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		13,297		$	—	—		13,297		—		13,297
Repurchase of Class C common stock		—		(1,849)	—		—	—		—	—		(52)		$	—	—		(52)		—		(52)
Treasury stock purchases	(57,204)	—		—	—		—	—		(1,679,274)	(48,778)		—		(1,641)		—		(50,419)		—		(50,419)
Stock options exercised	453,670	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		8,620		—		—		8,620		—		8,620
Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		59,952		—		59,952		59,071		119,023
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		3,455		3,455		3,380		6,835
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(11,200)		(11,200)		(8,368)		(19,568)
Dividends ($0.24 per share of Class A and Class B common stock and participating Restricted Stock Unit and Restricted Stock Award) and distributions from Virtu Financial to noncontrolling interest	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(22,192)		—		(22,192)		(65,013)		(87,205)


Issuance of common stock in connection with employee exchanges	31,097	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Repurchase of Virtu Financial Units and corresponding number of Class C common stock in connection with employee exchanges	—	—		(31,097)	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Balance at September 30, 2024	137,223,462	$	1	8,575,052	$	—	60,091,740	$	1	(50,831,294)	$	(1,282,210)	$	1,415,956	$	1,097,693	$	964	$	1,232,405	$	186,950	$	1,419,355

Table of Contents

Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited)

Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023


	Class A Common Stock			Class C Common Stock			Class D Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)		Total Virtu Financial Inc. Stockholders' Equity		Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
(in thousands, except share and interest data)	Shares	Amounts		Shares	Amounts		Shares	Amounts		Shares	Amounts		Amounts
Balance at December 31, 2022	133,071,754	$	1	9,030,066	$	—	60,091,740	$	1	(34,522,290)	$	(954,637)	$	1,292,613	$	972,317	$	31,604	$	1,341,899	$	309,528	$	1,651,427
Share based compensation	2,393,550	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		31,030		—		—		31,030		—		31,030
Repurchase of Class C common stock		—		(21,498)	—		—	—		—	—		(424)		—		—		(424)		—		(424)
Treasury stock purchases	(902,947)	—		—	—		—	—		(3,932,499)	(75,568)		—		(17,650)		—		(93,218)		—		(93,218)


Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		57,881		—		57,881		52,202		110,083
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		980		980		668		1,648
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(7,834)		(7,834)		(5,334)		(13,168)
Dividends ($0.24 per share of Class A common stock and participating Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards) and distributions from Virtu Financial to noncontrolling interest	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(24,696)		—		(24,696)		(27,308)		(52,004)
Issuance of common stock in connection with employee exchanges	152,037	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Repurchase of Virtu Financial Units and corresponding number of Class C common stock in connection with employee exchanges	—	—		(152,037)	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Balance at March 31, 2023	134,714,394	$	1	8,856,531	$	—	60,091,740	$	1	(38,454,789)	$	(1,030,205)	$	1,323,219	$	987,852	$	24,750	$	1,305,618	$	329,756	$	1,635,374
Share based compensation	20,000	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		12,050		—		—		12,050		—		12,050

Treasury stock purchases	(9,147)	—		—	—		—	—		(2,265,811)	(41,579)		—		(165)		—		(41,744)		—		(41,744)

Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		16,702		—		16,702		12,842		29,544
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		1,503		1,503		1,024		2,527
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		4,879		4,879		3,323		8,202
Dividends ($0.24 per share of Class A and Class B common stock and participating Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards) and distributions from Virtu Financial to noncontrolling interest	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(23,908)		—		(23,908)		(69,744)		(93,652)






Balance at June 30, 2023	134,725,247	$	1	8,856,531	$	—	60,091,740	$	1	(40,720,600)	$	(1,071,784)	$	1,335,269	$	980,481	$	31,132	$	1,275,100	$	277,201	$	1,552,301
Share based compensation	144,783	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		11,634		—		—		11,634		—		11,634
Repurchase of Class C common stock	—	—		(214,176)	—		—	—		—	—		(3,596)		—		—		(3,596)		—		(3,596)
Treasury stock purchases	(38,409)	—		—	—		—	—		(2,689,932)	(48,717)		—		(703)		—		(49,420)		—		(49,420)

Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		61,915		—		61,915		55,678		117,593
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(2,339)		(2,339)		(1,666)		(4,005)
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(4,466)		(4,466)		(3,180)		(7,646)
Dividends ($0.24 per share of Class A and Class B common stock and participating Restricted Stock Unit and Restricted Stock Award) and distributions from Virtu Financial to noncontrolling interest	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(23,492)		—		(23,492)		(82,719)		(106,211)




Repurchase of Virtu Financial Units and corresponding number of Class C common stock in connection with employee exchanges	34,357	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of tax receivable agreements in connection with employee exchange	—	—		(34,357)	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Balance at September 30, 2023	134,865,978	$	1	8,607,998	$	—	60,091,740	$	1	(43,410,532)	$	(1,120,501)	$	1,343,307	$	1,018,201	$	24,327	$	1,265,336	$	245,314	$	1,510,650

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

Table of Contents

Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	358,448	$	257,220

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	48,640		47,076
Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software	38,688		48,007
Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing and prepayment	22,563		306
Amortization of debt issuance costs and deferred financing fees	5,203		5,260
Termination of office leases	50		314
Share-based compensation	50,941		47,108




Deferred taxes	16,590		16,566


Other	(41,574)		1,794
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Securities borrowed	(579,250)		(336,503)
Securities purchased under agreements to resell	803,341		(2,790,073)
Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations	(456,607)		(596,916)
Trading assets, at fair value	172,584		(3,656,973)

Receivables from customers	(63,320)		(67,615)
Operating lease right-of-use assets	39,238		25,631

Other assets	(12,968)		13,795
Securities loaned	779,718		399,548
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	(750,183)		2,749,399
Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations	(547,821)		266,621
Payables to customers	74,545		27,849
Trading liabilities, at fair value	263,819		3,744,498
Operating lease liabilities	(42,064)		(27,953)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	26,928		(31,268)
Net cash provided by operating activities	207,509		143,691

Cash flows from investing activities
Development of capitalized software	(34,507)		(31,961)
Acquisition of property and equipment	(12,608)		(24,292)





Other investing activities	(8,544)		(14,210)




Net cash used in investing activities	(55,659)		(70,463)

Cash flows from financing activities

Dividends to stockholders and distributions from Virtu Financial to noncontrolling interest	(247,889)		(251,867)



Purchase of treasury stock	(132,942)		(184,382)
Stock options exercised	9,178		—
Short-term borrowings, net	129,574		96,056
Proceeds from long-term borrowings	1,741,888		—

Repayment of long-term borrowings	(1,727,000)		(18,000)
Proceeds from interest rate swaps	1,955		—

Payment of tax receivable agreement obligations	(20,226)		(23,275)
Debt issuance costs	(27,365)		(3,817)






Net cash used in financing activities	(272,827)		(385,285)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	3,745		170

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(117,232)		(311,887)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted or segregated cash, beginning of period	855,460		1,038,242
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted or segregated cash, end of period	$	738,228	$	726,355


Supplementary disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	$	426,757	$	370,761

Table of Contents

Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024	2023
Cash paid for taxes	32,576	33,595

Non-cash investing activities
Share-based and accrued incentive compensation to developers relating to capitalized software	14,931	14,665


Non-cash financing activities






Repurchase of Class C common stock	(52)	(4,020)

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)

1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

Organization

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts and operations of Virtu Financial, Inc. (“VFI” or, collectively with its wholly owned or controlled subsidiaries, “Virtu” or the “Company”). VFI is a Delaware corporation whose primary asset is its ownership interest in Virtu Financial LLC (“Virtu Financial”). As of September 30, 2024, VFI owned approximately 57.2% of the membership interests of Virtu Financial. VFI is the sole managing member of Virtu Financial and operates and controls all of the businesses and affairs of Virtu Financial and its subsidiaries (the “Group”).

The Company is a leading financial firm that leverages cutting edge technology to deliver liquidity to the global markets and innovative, transparent trading solutions to its clients. The Company provides deep liquidity in over 25,000 financial instruments, on over 250 venues, in 40 countries worldwide to help create more efficient markets. Leveraging its global market structure expertise and scaled, multi-asset infrastructure, the Company provides its clients with a robust product suite including offerings in execution, liquidity sourcing, analytics and broker-neutral, multi-dealer platforms in workflow technology. The Company’s product offerings allow its clients to trade on hundreds of venues in over 50 countries and across multiple asset classes, including global equities, Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”), options, foreign exchange, futures, fixed income, cryptocurrencies, and other commodities. The Company’s integrated, multi-asset analytics platform provides a range of pre- and post-trade services, data products and compliance tools that its clients rely upon to invest, trade and manage risk across global markets.

The Company has completed two significant acquisitions that have expanded and complemented Virtu Financial's original electronic trading and marking making business. On July 20, 2017, the Company completed the all-cash acquisition of KCG Holdings, Inc. (“KCG”) (the “Acquisition of KCG”). On March 1, 2019 (the “ITG Closing Date”), the Company completed the acquisition of Investment Technology Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“ITG”) in an all-cash transaction (the “ITG Acquisition”).

Virtu Financial’s principal United States (“U.S.”) subsidiary is Virtu Americas LLC (“VAL”), which is a U.S. broker-dealer. Other principal U.S. subsidiaries include Virtu Financial Global Markets LLC, a U.S. trading entity focused on futures and currencies; Virtu ITG Analytics LLC, a provider of pre- and post-trade analysis, fair value, and trade optimization services; and Virtu ITG Platforms LLC, a provider of workflow technology solutions and network connectivity services. Principal foreign subsidiaries include Virtu Financial Ireland Limited (“VFIL”) and Virtu Europe Trading Limited (“VETL”) (f/k/a Virtu ITG Europe Limited), each formed in Ireland; Virtu ITG UK Limited (“VIUK”), formed in the United Kingdom; Virtu Canada Corp (f/k/a Virtu ITG Canada Corp.), formed in Canada; Virtu Financial Asia Pty Ltd. and Virtu ITG Australia Limited, each formed in Australia; Virtu ITG Hong Kong Limited, formed in Hong Kong; and Virtu Financial Singapore Pte. Ltd. and Virtu ITG Singapore Pte. Ltd., each formed in Singapore, all of which are trading entities focused on asset classes in their respective geographic regions.

The Company has two operating segments: (i) Market Making and (ii) Execution Services; and one non-operating segment: Corporate. See Note 21 “Geographic Information and Business Segments” for a further discussion of the Company’s segments.

On April 19, 2024, the Company entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement with MarketAxess Holdings Inc. (“MarketAxess”) to sell a 49% interest in the multi-asset request-for-quote communication platform joint venture (“JV”), RFQ-hub Holdings LLC. See Note 3 “Business Held for Sale” for further details.

Basis of Consolidation and Form of Presentation

These Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in U.S. dollars, have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding financial reporting with respect to Form 10-Q and accounting standards generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC” or the “Codification”), and reflect all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are normal and recurring, and that are necessary for a fair statement of the results for the periods presented. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted in accordance with SEC rules and regulations. The

Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company include its equity interests in Virtu Financial and its subsidiaries. As sole managing member of Virtu Financial, the Company exerts control over the Group’s operations. The Company consolidates Virtu Financial and its subsidiaries’ financial statements and records the interests in Virtu Financial that the Company does not own as noncontrolling interests. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

For a detailed discussion of the Company's significant accounting policies, see Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

Fair Value Measurement - In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions (Topic 820). The ASU clarifies the impact of contractual sale restrictions on the fair value of an equity security. Additionally, this ASU requires disclosure of the nature and remaining duration of the sale restriction. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2024, and it did not have a material impact on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Leases - Common Control Arrangements - In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01, Leases—Common Control Arrangements (Topic 842). This ASU provides updated guidance for accounting for common control leases and leasehold improvements. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2024, and it did not have a material impact on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures - In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323). This ASU provides updated guidance for accounting for investments in tax credit structures. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2024, and it did not have a material impact on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted as of September 30, 2024

Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations - In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60). This ASU provides updated guidance on accounting for the formation of joint ventures. This ASU is effective prospectively for joint ventures formed on or after January 1, 2025. The Company does not expect it to have a material impact on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Segment Reporting - In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280). This ASU requires incremental disclosures related to a public entity’s reportable segments. It aims to provide financial statement users with more disaggregated information, specifically, significant expenses for each reportable segment. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company does not expect it to have a material impact on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets - In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60). This ASU requires measurement of in-scope crypto assets at fair value and provides updated guidance on presentation and disclosure requirements for crypto assets. This ASU is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures, and will adopt the disclosure requirements for the periods beginning after December 15, 2024.

Income Taxes - In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740). This ASU requires disclosure of additional information on effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU but does not expect it to have a material impact on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Compensation—Stock Compensation - In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718). This ASU clarifies ASC 718 scope application for profits interest or similar awards through illustrative examples. This ASU is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently

evaluating the impact of this ASU, but does not expect it to have a material impact on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Codification Improvements - In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, Codification Improvements. This ASU aims to improve and simplify the language and structure of the Codification by removing references to Concepts Statements. This amendment is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU, but does not expect it to have a material impact on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

3. Business Held for Sale

On April 19, 2024, the Company entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement with MarketAxess Holdings Inc. (“MarketAxess”) pursuant to which the Company has agreed to sell a 49% interest in the multi-asset request-for-quote communication platform JV, RFQ-hub Holdings LLC (“RFQ-hub Holdings,” or collectively with its wholly owned or controlled subsidiaries, “RFQ-hub”, which includes RFQ-hub Americas LLC, or “RAL”). The sale is anticipated to close in the fourth quarter of 2024 but remains subject to various closing conditions including the receipt of certain regulatory approvals. Upon the closing of the sale, the Company will retain a minority stake in RFQ-hub.

A summary of the assets and liabilities of business held for sale is summarized as follows:


(in thousands)

Business assets and liabilities held for sale as of September 30, 2024:

Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations	$	138
Property, equipment and capitalized software (net)	919
Intangibles (net)	3,486
Other assets	94
Liabilities	$	(1,184)

Total carrying value of RFQ-hub as of September 30, 2024:	$	3,453

4. Earnings per Share

The below table contains a reconciliation of Net income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest to Net income available for common stockholders:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	$	147,160	$	138,105	$	442,365	$	308,337
Provision for income taxes	28,137		20,512		83,917		51,117
Net income	119,023		117,593		358,448		257,220



Noncontrolling interest	(59,071)		(55,678)		(176,093)		(120,722)

Net income available for common stockholders	$	59,952	$	61,915	$	182,355	$	136,498

The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share is presented below:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except for share or per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Basic earnings per share:
Net income available for common stockholders	$	59,952	$	61,915	$	182,355	$	136,498

Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(3,542)		(3,111)		(10,375)		(6,964)
Net income available for common stockholders, net of dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	56,410		58,804		171,980		129,534

Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding:
Class A	87,152,658		93,408,537		88,093,082		95,376,590

Basic earnings per share	$	0.65	$	0.63	$	1.95	$	1.36


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except for share or per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income available for common stockholders, net of dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	$	56,410	$	58,804	$	171,980	$	129,534

Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding:
Class A
Issued and outstanding	87,152,658		93,408,537		88,093,082		95,376,590
Issuable pursuant to Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan	384,189		—		247,511		—
	87,536,847		93,408,537		88,340,593		95,376,590

Diluted earnings per share (1)	$	0.64	$	0.63	$	1.95	$	1.36


(1) Excluded from the computation of diluted Earnings per share were 68,988 and 34,622 unexercised stock options for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, because inclusion of the options would have been anti-dilutive. There were none excluded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

5. Tax Receivable Agreements

For a detailed discussion of the Company's tax receivable agreements, see Note 4 “Tax Receivable Agreements” in our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

For the purposes of the tax receivable agreements discussed above, the cash savings realized by the Company are computed by comparing the actual income tax liability of the Company to the amount of such taxes the Company would have been required to pay had there been (i) no increase to the tax basis of the assets of Virtu Financial as a result of the purchase or exchange of Virtu Financial Units, (ii) no tax benefit from the tax basis in the intangible assets of Virtu Financial on the date of the IPO and (iii) no tax benefit as a result of the Net Operating Losses (“NOLs”) and other tax attributes of Virtu Financial. Subsequent adjustments of the tax receivable agreements obligations due to certain events (e.g., changes to the expected realization of NOLs or changes in tax rates) will be recognized within income before taxes and noncontrolling interests in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The Company made payments totaling $114.0 million from February 2017 through September 2024. Tax receivable payments are expected to range from approximately $0.1 million to $22.0 million per year over the next 15 years.

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s remaining deferred tax assets that relate to the matters described above were approximately $119.6 million and $135.7 million, respectively, and the Company’s liabilities over the next 15 years pursuant to the tax receivable agreements were approximately $196.3 million and $216.5 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The amounts recorded as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are based on best estimates available at the respective dates and may be subject to change after the filing of the Company’s U.S. federal and state income tax returns for the years in which tax savings were realized.

6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The Company has two operating segments: (i) Market Making; and (ii) Execution Services; and one non-operating segment: Corporate. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s total amount of goodwill recorded was $1,148.9 million. No goodwill impairment was recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The following table presents the details of goodwill by segment as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Total



Balance as of period-end	$	755,292	$	393,634	$	—	$	1,148,926

As described in Note 3 “Business Held for Sale”, the Company reclassified an aggregated net carrying amount of $3.5 million ($7.5 million of gross carrying amount net of $4.0 million accumulated amortization) from Intangible assets to Assets of business held for sale.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's total amount of intangible assets recorded was $215.0 million and $257.5 million, respectively. Acquired intangible assets consisted of the following as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	As of September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Useful Lives (Years)
Customer relationships	$	479,130	$	(269,541)	$	209,589	10	to	12
Technology	136,000		(136,000)		—		1	to	6
Favorable occupancy leases	5,895		(5,636)		259		3	to	15
Exchange memberships	3,998		—		3,998		Indefinite
Trade name	3,600		(3,600)		—			3
ETF issuer relationships	950		(950)		—			9
ETF buyer relationships	950		(950)		—			9
Other	$	1,125	$	—	$	1,125	Indefinite
	$	631,648	$	(416,677)	$	214,971


	As of December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Useful Lives (Years)
Customer relationships	$	486,600	$	(237,829)	$	248,771	10	to	12
Technology	136,000		(133,467)		2,533		1	to	6
Favorable occupancy leases	5,895		(5,177)		718		3	to	15
Exchange memberships	3,998		—		3,998		Indefinite
Trade name	3,600		(3,600)		—			3
ETF issuer relationships	950		(950)		—			9
ETF buyer relationships	950		(950)		—			9
Other	$	1,500	$	—	$	1,500	Indefinite
	$	639,493	$	(381,973)	$	257,520

Amortization expense relating to finite-lived intangible assets was approximately $11.8 million and $16.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $38.7 million and $48.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This is included in Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The Company expects to record amortization expense as follows over the next five subsequent years:


(in thousands)
Remainder of 2024	$	11,783
2025	47,132
2026	47,132
2027	47,132
2028	47,132
2029	9,466

7. Receivables from/Payables to Broker-Dealers and Clearing Organizations

The following is a summary of receivables from and payables to brokers-dealers and clearing organizations at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:



(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Due from prime brokers	$	494,186	$	208,639
Deposits with clearing organizations	171,654		182,008
Net equity with futures commission merchants	225,319		166,808
Unsettled trades with clearing organizations	7,517		1,096
Securities failed to deliver	257,304		148,822
Commissions and fees	38,213		30,351
Total receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations	$	1,194,193	$	737,724

Liabilities
Due to prime brokers	$	420,591	$	780,310
Net equity with futures commission merchants (1)	(13,066)		(36,059)
Unsettled trades with clearing organizations	56,718		313,875
Securities failed to receive	150,255		104,702
Commissions and fees	5,142		4,884
Total payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations	$	619,640	$	1,167,712

(1) The Company presents its balances, including outstanding principal balances on all broker credit facilities, on a net-by-counterparty basis within receivables from and payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations when the criteria for offsetting are met.

Included as a deduction from “Due from prime brokers” and “Net equity with futures commission merchants” is the outstanding principal balance on all of the Company’s prime brokerage credit facilities (described in Note 9 “Borrowings”) of approximately $143.9 million and $175.3 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The loan proceeds from the credit facilities are available only to meet the initial margin requirements associated with the Company’s ordinary course futures and other trading positions, which are held in the Company’s trading accounts with an affiliate of the respective financial institutions. The credit facilities are fully collateralized by the Company’s trading accounts and deposit accounts with these financial institutions. “Securities failed to deliver” and “Securities failed to receive” include amounts with a clearing organization and other broker-dealers.

8. Collateralized Transactions

The Company is permitted to sell or repledge securities received as collateral and use these securities to secure repurchase agreements, enter into securities lending transactions or deliver these securities to counterparties or clearing organizations to cover short positions. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, substantially all of the securities received as collateral have been repledged.

The fair value of the collateralized transactions at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Securities received as collateral:
Securities borrowed	$	2,237,060	$	1,665,860
Securities purchased under agreements to resell	707,647		1,512,114
	$	2,944,707	$	3,177,974

In the normal course of business, the Company pledges qualified securities with clearing organizations to satisfy daily margin and clearing fund requirements.

Financial instruments owned and pledged, where the counterparty has the right to repledge, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Equities	$	1,971,268	$	1,222,559

Exchange traded notes	19,425		8,300
	$	1,990,693	$	1,230,859

9. Borrowings

Short-term Borrowings, net

The following summarizes the Company's short-term borrowing balances outstanding, net of related debt issuance costs, with each described in further detail below.


	September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Borrowing Outstanding		Deferred Debt Issuance Cost		Short-term Borrowings, net
Broker-dealer credit facilities	$	110,000	$	(813)	$	109,187
Short-term bank loans	19,574		—		19,574

	$	129,574	$	(813)	$	128,761

December 31, 2023

(in thousands)

Borrowing Outstanding

Deferred Debt Issuance Cost

Short-term Borrowings, net

Broker-dealer credit facilities

—

Broker-Dealer Credit Facilities

The Company is a party to two secured credit facilities with a financial institution to finance overnight securities positions purchased as part of its ordinary course U.S. broker-dealer market making activities. One of the facilities (the “Uncommitted Facility”) is provided on an uncommitted basis with an aggregate borrowing limit of $400 million, and is collateralized by VAL's trading and deposit account maintained at the financial institution. The second credit facility (the “Committed Facility”) with the same financial institution has a borrowing limit of $650 million. The Committed Facility consists of two borrowing bases: Borrowing Base A Loan is to be used to finance the purchase and settlement of securities; Borrowing Base B Loan is to be used to fund margin deposit with the National Securities Clearing Corporation. Borrowing Base A Loans are available up to $650 million and bear interest at the adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or base rate plus 1.25% per annum. Borrowing Base B Loans are subject to a sublimit of $300 million and bear interest at the adjusted SOFR or base rate plus 2.50% per annum. A commitment fee of 0.50% per annum on the average daily unused portion of this facility is payable quarterly in arrears.

Virtu Financial Singapore Pte. Ltd. is a party to a revolving credit facility with a financial institution (the “Overdraft Facility”) to provide a source of short-term financing. The facility has an aggregate borrowing limit of $10 million, and bears interest at the adjusted SOFR or base rate plus 3.5% per annum.

The following summarizes the Company’s broker-dealer credit facilities' carrying values, net of unamortized debt issuance costs, where applicable. These balances are included within Short-term borrowings on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.


	At September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Interest Rate	Financing Available		Borrowing Outstanding		Deferred Debt Issuance Cost		Outstanding Borrowings, net
Broker-dealer credit facilities:
Uncommitted facility	6.00%	$	400,000	$	50,000	$	(813)	$	49,187
Committed facility (1)	6.25%	650,000		50,000		—		50,000
Overdraft facility	8.35%	10,000		10,000		—		10,000


		$	1,060,000	$	110,000	$	(813)	$	109,187

(1) Interest rate for Borrowing Base A Loan and Borrowing Base B Loan under the Committed Facility was 6.25% and 8.00%, respectively. There was no balance outstanding under Borrowing Base B Loan as of September 30, 2024.


	At December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Interest Rate	Financing Available		Borrowing Outstanding		Deferred Debt Issuance Cost		Outstanding Borrowings, net
Broker-dealer credit facilities:
Uncommitted facility (1)	6.50%	$	400,000	$	—	$	—	$	—
Committed facility	6.75%	650,000		—		—		—
Overdraft facility	8.88%	10,000		—		—		—
		$	1,060,000	$	—	$	—	$	—
(1) $2.3 million of deferred debt issuance costs are included within Other assets on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

The following summarizes interest expense for the broker-dealer facilities. Interest expense is included within Interest and dividends expense in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Broker-dealer credit facilities:
Uncommitted facility	$	988	$	1,829	$	2,598	$	5,377
Committed facility	952		23		2,745		23
Overdraft facility	$	146	62		324		272


	$	2,086	$	1,914	$	5,667	$	5,672

Short-Term Bank Loans

The Company’s international securities clearance and settlement activities are funded with operating cash or with short-term bank loans in the form of overdraft facilities. At September 30, 2024, there was $19.6 million short-term bank loans associated with international settlement activities outstanding under these facilities at a weighted average interest rate of approximately 5.2%. At December 31, 2023, there was no balance associated with international settlement activities outstanding under these facilities. Outstanding short-term bank loan balances are included within Short-term borrowings on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Prime Brokerage Credit Facilities

The Company maintains short-term credit facilities with various prime brokers and other financial institutions from which it receives execution or clearing services. The proceeds of these facilities are used to meet margin requirements associated with the products traded by the Company in the ordinary course, and amounts borrowed are collateralized by the Company’s trading accounts with the applicable financial institution.


	At September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Weighted Average Interest Rate	Financing Available		Borrowing Outstanding
Prime Brokerage Credit Facilities:
Prime brokerage credit facilities (1)	7.26%	$	633,736	$	143,940
		$	633,736	$	143,940


	At December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Weighted Average Interest Rate	Financing Available		Borrowing Outstanding
Prime Brokerage Credit Facilities:
Prime brokerage credit facilities (1)	7.96%	$	599,180	$	175,256
		$	599,180	$	175,256

(1) Outstanding borrowings are included with Receivables from/Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Interest expense in relation to the facilities was $2.4 million and $3.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $7.4 million and $10.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Long-Term Borrowings

The following summarizes the Company’s long-term borrowings, net of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs, where applicable:


		At September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Maturity Date	Interest Rate	Outstanding Principal		Discount		Deferred Debt Issuance Cost		Outstanding Borrowings, net
Long-term borrowings:
First Lien Term B-1 Loan Facility	June 2031	7.60%	$	1,245,000	$	(2,988)	$	(15,835)	$	1,226,177
Senior Secured First Lien Notes	June 2031	7.50%	500,000		—		(9,001)		490,999
SBI bonds	January 2026	5.00%	24,367		—		—		24,367
			$	1,769,367	$	(2,988)	$	(24,836)	$	1,741,543


		At December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Maturity Date	Interest Rate	Outstanding Principal		Discount		Deferred Debt Issuance Cost		Outstanding Borrowings, net
Long-term borrowings:
First Lien Term Loan Facility	January 2029	8.46%	$	1,727,000	$	(3,107)	$	(21,504)	$	1,702,389

SBI bonds	January 2026	5.00%	24,816		—		—		24,816
			$	1,751,816	$	(3,107)	$	(21,504)	$	1,727,205

Credit Agreement

On January 13, 2022 (the “Credit Agreement Closing Date”), Virtu Financial, VFH Parent LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a subsidiary of Virtu Financial (“VFH”), entered into a credit agreement with the lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Goldman Sachs Bank USA, RBC Capital Markets, Barclays Bank plc, Jefferies Finance LLC, BMO Capital Markets Corp., and CIBC World Markets Corp., as joint lead arrangers and bookrunners (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides (i) a senior secured first lien term loan in an aggregate principal amount of $1,800.0 million, drawn in its entirety on the Credit Agreement Closing Date, the proceeds of which were used by VFH to repay all amounts outstanding under the previous Credit Agreement, to pay fees and expenses in connection therewith, to fund share repurchases under the Company’s repurchase program, and for general corporate purposes, and (ii) a $250.0 million senior secured first lien revolving facility to VFH, with a $20.0 million letter of credit subfacility and a $20.0 million swingline subfacility.

The term loan borrowings and revolver borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a per annum rate equal to, at the Company’s election, either (i) the greatest of (a) the prime rate in effect, (b) the greater of (1) the federal funds effective rate and (2) the overnight bank funding rate, in each case plus 0.50%, (c) an adjusted term SOFR rate with an interest period of one month plus 1.00% and (d)(1) in the case of term loan borrowings, 1.50% and (2) in the case of revolver borrowings, 1.00%, plus, (x) in the case of term loan borrowings, 2.00% and (y) in the case of revolver borrowings, 1.50%, or (ii) the greater of (a) an adjusted term SOFR rate for the interest period in effect and (b) (1) in the case of term loan borrowings, 0.50% and (2) in the case of revolver borrowings, 0.00%, plus, (x) in the case of term loan borrowings, 3.00% and (y) in the case of revolver borrowings, 2.50%. In addition, a commitment fee accrues at a rate of 0.50% per annum on the average daily unused amount of the revolving facility, with step-downs to 0.375% and 0.25% per annum based on VFH’s first lien leverage ratio, and is payable quarterly in arrears.

The revolving facility under the Credit Agreement is subject to a springing net first lien leverage ratio test which may spring into effect as of the last day of a fiscal quarter if usage of the aggregate revolving commitments exceeds a specified level as of such date. VFH is also subject to contingent principal prepayments based on excess cash flow and certain other triggering events. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by Virtu Financial and VFH’s material non-regulated domestic restricted subsidiaries and secured by substantially all of the assets of VFH and the guarantors, in each case, subject to certain exceptions.

The Credit Agreement contains certain customary covenants and events of default, including relating to a change of control. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the lenders under the Credit Agreement will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor in respect of the collateral securing the obligations under the Credit Agreement.

The term loans amortize in annual installments equal to 1.0% of the original aggregate principal amount of the term loans and the Company repaid $18.0 million on January 13, 2023. On December 12, 2023, the Company made a voluntary prepayment of $55.0 million, and the payment is applied toward subsequent annual amortization installments.

In October 2019, the Company entered into a five-year $525.0 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement. In January 2020, the Company also entered into a five-year $1,000.0 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement. These two interest rate swaps met the criteria to be considered and were designated qualifying cash flow hedges under ASC 815 in the first quarter of 2020, and they effectively fixed interest payment obligations on $525.0 million and $1,000 million of principal under the Acquisition First Lien Term Loan Facility at rates of 4.3% and 4.4% through September 2024 and January 2025, respectively, based on the interest rates set forth in the Acquisition Credit Agreement. In April 2021, each of the swap agreements described above was novated to another counterparty and amended in connection with such novation. The amendments included certain changes to collateral posting obligations, and also had the effect of increasing the effective fixed interest payment obligations to rates of 4.5%, with respect to the earlier maturing swap arrangement, and 4.6% with respect to the later maturing swap arrangement. In January 2022, in order to align the swap agreements with the Credit Agreement, the Company amended each of the swap agreements to align the floating rate term of such swap agreements to SOFR. The effective fixed interest payment obligations remained at 4.5%, with respect to the earlier maturing swap arrangement, and 4.6% with respect to the later maturing swap arrangement.

ASC 815 as of December 2023, and it effectively fixed interest payment obligations on $1,525.0 million of principal under the First Lien Term Loan Facility at a rate of 7.5% through November 2025, based on the interest rates set forth in the Credit Agreement.

On June 21, 2024 (the “Amendment Effective Date”), the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) and completed the issuance of the Notes (as defined below). Pursuant to the Amended Credit Agreement, $1,245.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured First Lien Term B-1 Loans due 2031 (the “New Term Loans”) were issued, the proceeds of which were used, along with the proceeds of the Notes, to repay in full all term loans previously outstanding under the Credit Agreement. Additionally, the Amended Credit Agreement provides an increase in its senior secured first lien revolving credit facility from $250.0 million to $300.0 million and an extension of the maturity thereof to three years after the Amendment Effective Date.

The New Term Loans will bear interest, at the Company’s election, at either (i) the greatest of (a) the prime rate in effect, (b) the greater of (1) the federal funds effective rate and (2) the overnight bank funding rate, in each case plus 0.50%, (c) term SOFR for a borrowing with an interest period of one month plus 1.00% and (d) 1.00%, plus, in each case, 1.75%, or (ii) the greater of (x) term SOFR for the interest period in effect and (y) 0%, plus, in each case, 2.75%. The New Term Loans will mature on the seventh anniversary of the Amendment Effective Date and amortize in annual installments equal to 1.0% of the original aggregate principal amount of the New Term Loans. The New Term Loans are also subject to contingent principal payments based on excess cash flow and certain other triggering events.

As of September 30, 2024, $1,245.0 million was outstanding under the term loans, and there were no amounts outstanding under the first lien revolving facility.

In connection with its entry into the Amended Credit Agreement and the associated reduction in term loan balance, the Company partially terminated the December 2023 Swap, reducing the notional amount thereof from $1,525.0 million to $1,075.0 million and received $2.0 million in proceeds from the counterparty. The cash flow hedge was proportionally dedesignated under ASC 815 as of June 21, 2024. As a result of the partial dedesignation, we recognized a gain of $5.7 million in Other Income. The current interest rate swap effectively fixed interest payment obligations on the $1,075.0 million of principal of the New Term Loans at rate of 7.17% through November 2025, based on the interest rates set forth in the Amended Credit Agreement.

Senior Secured First Lien Notes

On June 21, 2024, VFH and Valor Co-Issuer, Inc., a subsidiary of Virtu Financial, (the “Co-Issuer”) completed the offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.50% senior secured first lien notes due 2031 (the “Notes”). The Notes were issued under an Indenture, dated as of June 21, 2024 (the “Indenture”), among the VFH, the Co-Issuer, Virtu Financial and the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as the trustee and collateral agent. The Notes mature on June 15, 2031. Interest on the Notes accrues at 7.50% per annum, payable every six months through maturity on each June 15 and December 15, beginning on December 15, 2024. We refer to VFH and the Co-Issuer together as, the “Issuers.”

The Notes and the related guarantees are secured by first-priority perfected liens on substantially all of the Issuers’ and guarantors’ existing and future assets, subject to certain exceptions, including all material personal property, a pledge of the

capital stock of the Issuers, the guarantors (other than Virtu Financial) and the direct subsidiaries of the Issuers and the guarantors and 100% of the non-voting capital stock and up to 65.0% of the voting capital stock of any now-owned or later acquired foreign subsidiaries that are directly owned by the Issuers or any of the guarantors, which assets also secure

obligations under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement on a first-priority basis.

The Indenture imposes certain limitations on our ability to (i) incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock; (ii) pay dividends, make certain investments and make repayments on indebtedness that is subordinated in right of payment to the Notes and make other “restricted payments”; (iii) create liens on their assets to secure debt; (iv) enter into transactions with affiliates; (v) merge, consolidate or amalgamate with another company; (vi) transfer and sell assets; and (vii) permit restrictions on the payment of dividends by Virtu Financial’s subsidiaries. The Indenture also contains customary events of default, including, among others, payment defaults related to the failure to pay principal or interest on Notes, covenant defaults, final maturity default or cross-acceleration with respect to material indebtedness and certain bankruptcy events.

Prior to June 15, 2027, we may redeem some or all of the Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the date of redemption, plus an applicable “make whole” premium.

Prior to June 15, 2027, we may also redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes at a redemption price equal to 107.500% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the date of redemption with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings.

Prior to June 15, 2027, we may also, on one or more occasions, redeem during each successive twelve-month period following June 21, 2024 up to 10% of the aggregate original principal amount of notes, at a redemption price equal to 103% of the principal amount of notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date.

On or after June 15, 2027, we may redeem some or all of the Notes, at the following redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount), plus accrued and unpaid interest to (but not including) the date of redemption, if redeemed during the 12-month period beginning on June 15 of the years indicated below:


Period						Percentage
2027						103.750%
2028						101.875%
2029 and thereafter						100.000%

Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the Indenture, we must offer to repurchase the Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date.

SBI Bonds

On July 25, 2016, VFH issued Japanese Yen Bonds (collectively the “SBI Bonds”) in the aggregate principal amount of ¥3.5 billion ($33.1 million at issuance date) to SBI Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and SBI Insurance Co., Ltd. The proceeds from the SBI Bonds were used to partially fund the investment in Japannext Co., Ltd. (as described in Note 10 “Financial Assets and Liabilities”). The SBI Bonds are guaranteed by Virtu Financial. The SBI Bonds are subject to fluctuations on the Japanese Yen currency rates relative to the Company’s reporting currency (U.S. Dollar) with the changes reflected in Other, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In December 2022, the maturity of the SBI Bonds was extended to 2026. The principal balance was ¥3.5 billion ($24.4 million) as of September 30, 2024 and ¥3.5 billion ($24.8 million) as of December 31, 2023. The Company had a loss of $2.6 million and a gain of $0.8 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and a gain of $0.4 million and a gain of $3.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, due to changes in foreign currency rates.

As of September 30, 2024, aggregate future required minimum principal payments based on the terms of the long-term borrowings were as follows:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2024
Remainder of 2024	$	—
2025	12,450
2026	36,817
2027	12,450
2028	12,450
2029	12,450
Thereafter	1,682,750
Total principal of long-term borrowings	$	1,769,367

10. Financial Assets and Liabilities

Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value

The fair value of equities, options, on-the-run U.S. government obligations, exchange traded notes and digital assets is estimated using recently executed transactions and market price quotations in active markets and are categorized as Level 1 with the exception of inactively traded equities and certain other financial instruments, which are categorized as Level 2. The Company’s corporate bonds, derivative contracts, other U.S. and non-U.S. government obligations and receivables and payables linked to digital assets have been categorized as Level 2. Fair value of the Company’s derivative contracts is based on the indicative prices obtained from a number of banks and broker-dealers, as well as management’s own analyses. The indicative prices have been independently validated through the Company’s risk management systems, which are designed to check prices with information independently obtained from exchanges and venues where such financial instruments are listed or to compare prices of similar instruments with similar maturities for listed financial futures in foreign exchange.

The Company prices certain financial instruments held for trading at fair value based on theoretical prices, which can differ from quoted market prices. The theoretical prices reflect price adjustments primarily caused by the fact that the Company continuously prices its financial instruments based on all available information. This information includes prices for identical and near-identical positions, as well as the prices for securities underlying the Company’s positions, on other exchanges that are open after the exchange on which the financial instruments is traded closes. The Company validates that all price adjustments can be substantiated with market inputs and checks the theoretical prices independently. Consequently, such financial instruments are classified as Level 2.

Fair value measurements for those items measured on a recurring basis are summarized below as of September 30, 2024:


	September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Counterparty and Cash Collateral Netting		Total Fair Value
Assets
Financial instruments owned, at fair value:
Equity securities	$	695,906	$	2,442,153	$	—	$	—	$	3,138,059
U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations	280,885		592,073		—		—		872,958
Corporate Bonds	—		1,149,762		—		—		1,149,762
Exchange traded notes	283		28,612		—		—		28,895
Currency forwards	—		274,749		—		(272,359)		2,390
Options	3,270		—		—		—		3,270
	$	980,344	$	4,487,349	$	—	$	(272,359)	$	5,195,334

Financial instruments owned, pledged as collateral:
Equity securities	$	1,391,264	$	580,004	$	—	$	—	$	1,971,268

Exchange traded notes	—		19,425		—		—		19,425
	$	1,391,264	$	599,429	$	—	$	—	$	1,990,693

Other Assets
Equity investment	$	—	$	—	$	87,598	$	—	$	87,598
Digital assets	14,591				—		—		14,591
Exchange stock	2,973		—		—		—		2,973
	$	17,564	$	—	$	87,598	$	—	$	105,162

Receivables from broker dealers and clearing organizations:

Receivables linked to digital assets			41,837						41,837
	$	—	$	41,837	$	—	$	—	$	41,837

Liabilities
Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value:
Equity securities	$	2,122,768	$	1,787,219	$	—	$	—	$	3,909,987
U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations	167,010		942,321		—		—		1,109,331
Corporate Bonds	—		1,280,241		—		—		1,280,241
Exchange traded notes	1,345		30,518		—		—		31,863
Currency forwards	—		312,940		—		(312,940)		—
Options	3,749		—		—		—		3,749
	$	2,294,872	$	4,353,239	$	—	$	(312,940)	$	6,335,171

Payables to broker dealers and clearing organizations:
Interest rate swap	$	—	$	7,410	$	—	$	—	$	7,410
Payables linked to digital assets	—		80,908		—		—		80,908
	$	—	$	88,318	$	—	$	—	$	88,318

Fair value measurements for those items measured on a recurring basis are summarized below as of December 31, 2023:


	December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Counterparty and Cash Collateral Netting		Total Fair Value
Assets
Financial instruments owned, at fair value:
Equity securities	$	710,699	$	1,844,106	$	—	$	—	$	2,554,805
U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations	521,542		1,775,177		—		—		2,296,719
Corporate Bonds	—		1,232,097		—		—		1,232,097
Exchange traded notes	10		18,055		—		—		18,065
Currency forwards	—		377,279		—		(354,698)		22,581
Options	3,485		—		—		—		3,485
	$	1,235,736	$	5,246,714	$	—	$	(354,698)	$	6,127,752
Financial instruments owned, pledged as collateral:
Equity securities	$	871,237	$	351,322	$	—	$	—	$	1,222,559

Exchange traded notes	3		8,297		—		—		8,300
	$	871,240	$	359,619	$	—	$	—	$	1,230,859
Other Assets
Equity investment	$	—	$	—	$	81,805	$	—	$	81,805

Exchange stock	2,716		—		—		—		2,716
	$	2,716	$	—	$	81,805	$	—	$	84,521






Liabilities
Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value:
Equity securities	$	1,447,726	$	1,165,091	$	—	$	—	$	2,612,817
U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations	181,393		1,891,556		—		—		2,072,949
Corporate Bonds	—		1,358,522		—		—		1,358,522
Exchange traded notes	—		21,104		—		—		21,104
Currency forwards	—		339,085				(336,311)		2,774
Options	3,186		—						3,186
	$	1,632,305	$	4,775,358	$	—	$	(336,311)	$	6,071,352

Payables to broker dealers and clearing organizations:
Interest rate swap	$	—	$	7,661	$	—	$	—	$	7,661

	$	—	$	7,661	$	—	$	—	$	7,661

JNX Investment

The Company has a minority investment (the “JNX Investment”) in Japannext Co., Ltd. (“JNX”), formerly known as SBI Japannext Co., Ltd., a proprietary trading system based in Tokyo. In connection with the JNX Investment, the Company issued the SBI Bonds (as described in Note 9 “Borrowings”) and used the proceeds to partially finance the transaction. The JNX Investment is included within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the JNX Investment was determined using a weighted average of valuations using 1) the discounted cash flow method, an income approach; 2) a market approach based on average enterprise value/EBITDA ratios of comparable companies; and to a lesser extent 3) a transaction approach based on transaction values of comparable companies. The fair value measurement is highly sensitive to significant changes in the unobservable inputs, and significant increases (decreases) in discount rate or decreases (increases) in enterprise value/EBITDA multiples would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.

The table below presents information on the valuation techniques, significant unobservable inputs and their ranges for the JNX Investment:

September 30, 2024

(in thousands)

Fair Value

Valuation Technique

Significant Unobservable Input

Range

Weighted Average

Equity investment

87,598

Discounted cash flow

Estimated revenue growth

5.0% - 6.4%

5.3

Discount rate

15.8% - 15.8%

15.8

Market

Future enterprise value/ EBIDTA ratio

6.9x - 16.7x

13.8x

December 31, 2023

(in thousands)

Fair Value

Valuation Technique

Significant Unobservable Input

Range

Weighted Average

Equity investment

81,805

Discounted cash flow

Estimated revenue growth

5.0% - 6.8%

5.8

Discount rate

15.6% - 15.6%

15.6

Market

Future enterprise value/ EBIDTA ratio

8.7x - 17.8x

12.9x

Changes in the fair value of the JNX Investment are included within Other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The following presents the changes in the Company's Level 3 financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Balance at June 30, 2024		Purchases		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains / (Losses) (1)		Net Transfers into (out of) Level 3		Settlement		Balance at September 30, 2024		Change in Net Unrealized Gains / (Losses) on Investments still held at September 30, 2024
Assets
Other assets:
Equity investment	$	79,031	$	—	$	8,567	$	—	$	—	$	87,598	$	8,567
Other	—				—		—				—		—
Total	$	79,031	$	—	$	8,567	$	—	$	—	$	87,598	$	8,567
(1) Total realized and unrealized gains/(losses) includes gains and losses due to fluctuations in currency rates as well as gains and losses recognized on changes in the fair value of the JNX Investment.


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Balance at June 30, 2023		Purchases		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains / (Losses) (1)		Net Transfers into (out of) Level 3		Settlement		Balance at September 30, 2023		Change in Net Unrealized Gains / (Losses) on Investments still held at September 30, 2023
Assets
Other assets:
Equity investment	$	71,059	$	—	$	1,340	$	—	$	—	$	72,399	$	1,340
Other	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	71,059	$	—	$	1,340	$	—	$	—	$	72,399	$	1,340
(1) Total realized and unrealized gains/(losses) includes gains and losses due to fluctuations in currency rates as well as gains and losses recognized on changes in the fair value of the JNX Investment.


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Balance at December 31, 2023		Purchases		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains / (Losses) (1)		Net Transfers into (out of) Level 3		Settlement		Balance at September 30, 2024		Change in Net Unrealized Gains / (Losses) on Investments still held at September 30, 2024
Assets
Other assets:
Equity investment	$	81,805	$	—	$	5,793	$	—	$	—	$	87,598	$	5,793

Total	$	81,805	$	—	$	5,793	$	—	$	—	$	87,598	$	5,793
(1) Total realized and unrealized gains/(losses) includes gains and losses due to fluctuations in currency rates as well as gains and losses recognized on changes in the fair value of the JNX Investment.


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Balance at December 31, 2022		Purchases		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains / (Losses) (1)		Net Transfers into (out of) Level 3		Settlement		Balance at September 30, 2023		Change in Net Unrealized Gains / (Losses) on Investments still held at September 30, 2023
Assets
Other assets:
Equity investment	$	76,613	$	—	$	(4,214)	$	—	$	—	$	72,399	$	(4,214)

Total	$	76,613	$	—	$	(4,214)	$	—	$	—	$	72,399	$	(4,214)
(1) Total realized and unrealized gains/(losses) includes gains and losses due to fluctuations in currency rates as well as gains and losses recognized on changes in the fair value of the JNX Investment.

Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value

The table below presents the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The table below excludes non-financial assets and liabilities. The carrying value of financial instruments not measured at fair value categorized in the fair value hierarchy as Level 1 and Level 2 approximates fair value due to the relatively short-term nature of the underlying assets. The fair value of the Company’s long-term borrowings is based on quoted prices from the market for similar instruments, and is categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

The table below summarizes financial assets and liabilities not carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2024:


	September 30, 2024
	Carrying Value				Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(in thousands)			Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	701,405	$	701,405	$	701,405	$	—	$	—
Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other	36,823		36,823		36,823		—		—
Securities borrowed	2,301,690		2,301,690		—		2,301,690		—
Securities purchased under agreements to resell	708,773		708,773		—		708,773		—
Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations	1,152,356		1,152,356		—		1,152,356		—
Receivables from customers	169,565		169,565		—		169,565		—
Other assets (1)	32,114		32,114		10,273		21,841		—
Total Assets	$	5,102,726	$	5,102,726	$	748,501	$	4,354,225	$	—

Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	$	128,761	$	129,574	$	—	$	129,574	$	—
Long-term borrowings	1,741,543		1,797,607		—		1,797,607		—
Securities loaned	2,109,164		2,109,164		—		2,109,164		—
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	1,045,811		1,045,811		—		1,045,811		—
Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations	531,322		531,322		—		531,322		—
Payables to customers	97,774		97,774		—		97,774		—
Other liabilities (2)	34,679		34,679		—		34,679		—
Total Liabilities	$	5,689,054	$	5,745,931	$	—	$	5,745,931	$	—
(1) Includes cash collateral and deposits, and interest and dividends receivables.

(2) Includes deposits, interest and dividends payable.

The table below summarizes financial assets and liabilities not carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023:


	December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value				Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(in thousands)			Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	820,436	$	820,436	$	820,436	$	—	$	—
Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other	35,024		35,024		35,024		—		—
Securities borrowed	1,722,440		1,722,440		—		1,722,440		—
Securities purchased under agreements to resell	1,512,114		1,512,114		—		1,512,114		—
Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations	737,724		737,724		—		737,724		—
Receivables from customers	106,245		106,245		—		106,245		—
Other assets (1)	31,022		31,022		10,444		20,578		—
Total Assets	$	4,965,005	$	4,965,005	$	865,904	$	4,099,101	$	—

Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Long-term borrowings	1,727,205		1,758,292		—		1,758,292		—
Securities loaned	1,329,446		1,329,446		—		1,329,446		—
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	1,795,994		1,795,994		—		1,795,994		—
Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations	1,160,051		1,160,051		—		1,160,051		—
Payables to customers	23,229		23,229		—		23,229		—
Other liabilities (2)	19,300		19,300		—		19,300		—
Total Liabilities	$	6,055,225	$	6,086,312	$	—	$	6,086,312	$	—
(1) Includes cash collateral and deposits, and interest and dividends receivables.
(2) Includes deposits, interest and dividends payable.

Offsetting of Financial Assets and Liabilities

The Company does not net securities borrowed and securities loaned, or securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase. These financial instruments are presented on a gross basis in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. In the tables below, the amounts of financial instruments owned that are not offset in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, but could be netted against financial liabilities with specific counterparties under legally enforceable master netting agreements in the event of default, are presented to provide financial statement readers with the Company’s estimate of its net exposure to counterparties for these financial instruments.

The following tables set forth the gross and net presentation of certain financial assets and financial liabilities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	September 30, 2024
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Amounts Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition		Amounts Not Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(in thousands)							Financial Instrument Collateral		Counterparty Netting/ Cash Collateral		Net Amount
Offsetting of Financial Assets:
Securities borrowed	$	2,301,690	$	—	$	2,301,690	$	(2,237,060)	$	(27,995)	$	36,635
Securities purchased under agreements to resell	708,773		—		708,773		(707,647)				1,126
Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations:

Trading assets, at fair value:
Currency forwards	274,749		(272,359)		2,390		—		—		2,390
Options	3,270		—		3,270		—		(3,270)		—
Total	$	3,288,482	$	(272,359)	$	3,016,123	$	(2,944,707)	$	(31,265)	$	40,151


	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Amounts Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition		Amounts Not Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(in thousands)							Financial Instrument Collateral		Counterparty Netting/ Cash Collateral		Net Amount
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities:
Securities loaned	$	2,109,164	$	—	$	2,109,164	$	(2,075,751)	$	(27,995)	$	5,418
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	1,045,811		—		1,045,811		(1,044,546)				1,265
Payable to broker-dealers and clearing organizations:
Interest rate swaps	7,410		—		7,410		—		—		7,410
Trading liabilities, at fair value:
Currency forwards	312,940		(312,940)		—		—		—		—
Options	3,749		—		3,749		—		(3,682)		67
Total	$	3,479,074	$	(312,940)	$	3,166,134	$	(3,120,297)	$	(31,677)	$	14,160


	December 31, 2023
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Amounts Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition		Amounts Not Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(in thousands)							Financial Instrument Collateral		Counterparty Netting/ Cash Collateral		Net Amount
Offsetting of Financial Assets:
Securities borrowed	$	1,722,440	$	—	$	1,722,440	$	(1,665,860)	$	(27,538)	$	29,042
Securities purchased under agreements to resell	1,512,114		—		1,512,114		(1,512,114)				—


Trading assets, at fair value:
Currency forwards	377,279		(354,698)		22,581		—		—		22,581
Options	3,485		—		3,485		—		(2,914)		571
Total	$	3,615,318	$	(354,698)	$	3,260,620	$	(3,177,974)	$	(30,452)	$	52,194


	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Amounts Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition		Amounts Not Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(in thousands)							Financial Instrument Collateral		Counterparty Netting/ Cash Collateral		Net Amount
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities:
Securities loaned	$	1,329,446	$	—	$	1,329,446	$	(1,291,376)	$	(31,509)	$	6,561
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	1,795,994		—		1,795,994		(1,795,994)				—
Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations:
Interest rate swaps	7,661		—		7,661		—		—		7,661
Trading liabilities, at fair value:
Currency forwards	339,085		(336,311)		2,774		—		—		2,774
Options	3,186		—		3,186		—		(2,914)		272
Total	$	3,475,372	$	(336,311)	$	3,139,061	$	(3,087,370)	$	(34,423)	$	17,268

The following table presents gross obligations for securities sold under agreements to repurchase and for securities lending transactions by remaining contractual maturity and the class of collateral pledged as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	September 30, 2024
	Remaining Contractual Maturity
(in thousands)	Overnight and Continuous		Less than 30 days		30 - 60 days		61 - 90 Days		Greater than 90 days		Total

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase:
Equity securities	$	50,000	$	90,000	$	185,000	$	75,000	$	—	$	400,000
U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations	645,811		—		—		—		—		645,811
Total	$	695,811	$	90,000	$	185,000	$	75,000	$	—	$	1,045,811

Securities loaned:
Equity securities	$	2,109,164	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,109,164
Total	$	2,109,164	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,109,164


	December 31, 2023
	Remaining Contractual Maturity
(in thousands)	Overnight and Continuous		Less than 30 days		30 - 60 days		61 - 90 Days		Greater than 90 days		Total

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase:
Equity securities	$	—	$	140,000	$	185,000	$	75,000	$	—	$	400,000
U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations	1,395,994		—		—		—		—		1,395,994
Total	$	1,395,994	$	140,000	$	185,000	$	75,000	$	—	$	1,795,994

Securities loaned:
Equity securities	1,329,446		—		—		—		—		1,329,446
Total	$	1,329,446	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,329,446

11. Derivative Instruments

The fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments on a gross basis consisted of the following at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


(in thousands)		September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
Derivatives Assets	Financial Statement Location	Fair Value		Notional		Fair Value		Notional
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Equities futures	Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations	$	9,513	$	2,298,325	$	(741)	$	1,944,872
Commodity futures	Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations	5,640		6,103,880		(7,017)		6,489,328
Currency futures	Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations	659		2,648,074		707		6,964,937
Fixed income futures	Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations	107		115,878		1		5,989

Options	Financial instruments owned	3,270		969,057		3,485		1,167,643
Currency forwards	Financial instruments owned	274,749		36,748,890		377,279		33,579,641





Derivatives Liabilities	Financial Statement Location	Fair Value		Notional		Fair Value		Notional
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Equities futures	Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations	$	(1,420)	$	707,069	$	(558)	$	501,978
Commodity futures	Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations	(1,419)		70,979		(4)		25,462
Currency futures	Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations	(520)		310,660		12,031		1,518,087
Fixed income futures	Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations	(81)		25,069		165		82,044
Options	Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased	3,749		984,618		3,186		1,173,351
Currency forwards	Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased	312,940		36,767,985		339,085		33,560,544

Derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments:

Interest rate swaps	Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations	7,410		1,075,000		7,661		1,525,000

Amounts included in receivables from and payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations represent net variation margin on long and short futures contracts as well as amounts receivable or payable on interest rate swaps.

The following table summarizes the net gain (loss) from derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815, which are recorded in total revenues, and from those designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815, which are initially recorded in other comprehensive income in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


		Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	Financial Statements Location	2024		2023		2024		2023
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Futures	Trading income, net	$	170,492	$	84,911	$	198,194	$	204,928
Currency forwards	Trading income, net	(145,529)		(45,165)		(144,070)		(91,352)
Options	Trading income, net	8,894		5,737		42,212		6,882
Interest rate swap on term loan (1)	Other, net	—		(474)		5,686		(1,406)
Terminated interest rate swaps (2)	Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings	(9,841)		—		(32,923)		—
		$	24,016	$	45,009	$	69,099	$	119,052

Derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps (1)	Other comprehensive income	$	(12,918)	$	(8,859)	$	607	$	(14,738)

		$	(12,918)	$	(8,859)	$	607	$	(14,738)

(1) The Company entered into a two-year $1,525 million floating-to-fixed interest rate agreement in December 2023 (the “December 2023 Swap”). The two-year interest rate swap met the criteria to be considered as a qualifying cash flow hedge under ASC 815 as of December 2023, and the mark-to-market gains (losses) on the instrument was deferred within Other comprehensive income on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In June 2024, the Company partially terminated and dedesignated a portion of our ongoing December 2023 Swap to an updated notional of $1,075 million, and recorded a gain of $5.7 million in Other, net. See Note 9 “Borrowings” for further details.

(2) The Company records the amortization of AOCI balances related to its previously terminated interest rate swaps in Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. See Note 9 “Borrowings” for further details on the terminated swaps.

12. Variable Interest Entities

A variable interest entity (“VIE”) is an entity that lacks one or more of the following characteristics: (i) the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance its activities independently and (ii) the equity holders have the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance, the obligation to absorb the losses of the entity and the right to receive the residual returns of the entity.

The Company will be considered to have a controlling financial interest and will consolidate a VIE if it has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company has an interest in a joint venture (“JV”) that builds and maintains communication networks and related assets globally. The Company and its JV partners each pay monthly fees for the use of the communication networks in connection with their respective trading activities, and the JV may sell excess bandwidth that is not utilized by the JV members to third parties. As of September 30, 2024, the Company held a noncontrolling interest of 50.0% in the JV.

The Company previously held a noncontrolling interest of 12.5% in another JV that also builds and maintains communication networks and related assets and followed a similar fee arrangement. As of September 1, 2024, the Company had disposed of its interest in this JV.

The Company has an interest in a JV that offers derivatives trading technology and execution services to broker-dealers, professional traders and select hedge funds. As of September 30, 2024, the Company held approximately a 9.8% noncontrolling interest in this JV.

The Company has an interest in a JV that operates a member-owned equities exchange with the goal of increasing competition and transparency, while reducing fixed costs and simplifying execution of equity trading in the U.S. As of September 30, 2024, the Company held approximately a 13.5% noncontrolling interest in this JV.

The Company has an interest in a JV that was formed for the purpose of developing and operating a cryptocurrency trading platform with the goal of increasing competition and transparency, while improving trading performance and reducing operational risk. As of September 30, 2024, the Company held approximately a 6.9% noncontrolling interest in this JV.

The Company's JVs noted above meet the criteria to be considered VIEs, which it does not consolidate. The Company records its interest in the JVs under the equity method of accounting and records its investment in the JVs within Other assets and its amounts payable for communication services provided by the telecommunication JVs within Accounts payable, accrued

expenses and other liabilities on the Statements of Financial Condition as applicable. The Company records its pro-rata share of each JV's earnings or losses within Other, net and fees related to the use of communication services provided by the JVs within Communications and data processing on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The Company’s exposure to the obligations of these VIEs is generally limited to its interests in each respective JV, which is the carrying value of the equity investment in each JV.

The following table presents the Company’s nonconsolidated VIEs at September 30, 2024:


	Carrying Amount				Maximum Exposure to Loss		VIEs' assets
(in thousands)	Asset		Liability
Equity investment	$	66,772	$	—	$	66,772	$	315,845

The following table presents the Company’s nonconsolidated VIEs at December 31, 2023:


	Carrying Amount				Maximum Exposure to Loss		VIEs' assets
(in thousands)	Asset		Liability
Equity investment	$	59,713	$	—	$	59,713	$	273,905

The Company formed a JV to support the growth and expansion of a multi-asset request-for-quote communication platform in 2022. As of September 30, 2024, the Company held a 51% controlling interest in this entity. This JV meets the criteria to be considered a VIE, and based on the standard for control set forth above, the Company consolidates this entity and records the interest that the Company does not own as noncontrolling interest in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

On April 19, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement to sell a 49% interest in the multi-asset request-for-quote communication platform JV. The sale is subject to various closing conditions including the receipt of certain regulatory approvals. Upon the closing of the sale, the Company will retain a minority stake in the JV. See Note 3 “Business Held for Sale” for further details.

13. Revenues from Contracts with Customers

For more information on revenue recognition and the nature of services provided, see Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and Note 12 "Revenues from Contracts with Customers" to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Disaggregation of Revenues

The following tables present the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by service, and timing of revenue recognition, reconciled to the Company’s segments, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Total
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Commissions, net	$	12,721	$	85,126	$	—	$	97,847

Workflow technology	—		24,145		—		24,145
Analytics	—		9,629		—		9,629
Total revenue from contracts with customers	12,721		118,900		—		131,621

Other sources of revenue	563,939		6,827		4,453		575,219

Total revenues	$	576,660	$	125,727	$	4,453	$	706,840

Timing of revenue recognition:
Services transferred at a point in time	$	576,660	$	107,457	$	4,453	$	688,570
Services transferred over time	—		18,270		—		18,270
Total revenues	$	576,660	$	125,727	$	4,453	$	706,840



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Total
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Commissions, net	$	6,343	$	73,121	$	—	$	79,464
Workflow technology	—		21,526		—		21,526

Analytics	—		9,286		—		9,286
Total revenue from contracts with customers	6,343		103,933		—		110,276

Other sources of revenue	511,008		8,520		360		519,888

Total revenues	$	517,351	$	112,453	$	360	$	630,164

Timing of revenue recognition:
Services transferred at a point in time	$	517,351	$	94,152	$	360	$	611,863
Services transferred over time	—		18,301		—		18,301
Total revenues	$	517,351	$	112,453	$	360	$	630,164



	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Total
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Commissions, net	$	29,203	$	245,972	$	—	$	275,175

Workflow technology	—		72,257		—		72,257
Analytics	—		28,901		—		28,901
Total revenue from contracts with customers	29,203		347,130		—		376,333

Other sources of revenue	1,638,247		23,445		4,639		1,666,331

Total revenues	$	1,667,450	$	370,575	$	4,639	$	2,042,664

Timing of revenue recognition:
Services transferred at a point in time	$	1,667,450	$	316,790	$	4,639	$	1,988,879
Services transferred over time	—		53,785		—		53,785
Total revenues	$	1,667,450	$	370,575	$	4,639	$	2,042,664


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Total
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Commissions, net	$	22,677	$	220,372	$	—	$	243,049

Workflow technology	—		69,058		—		69,058
Analytics	—		29,116		—		29,116
Total revenue from contracts with customers	22,677		318,546		—		341,223

Other sources of revenue	1,398,845		21,499		(4,171)		1,416,173

Total revenues	$	1,421,522	$	340,045	$	(4,171)	$	1,757,396

Timing of revenue recognition:
Services transferred at a point in time	$	1,421,522	$	285,570	$	(4,171)	$	1,702,921
Services transferred over time	—		54,475		—		54,475
Total revenues	$	1,421,522	$	340,045	$	(4,171)	$	1,757,396

Remaining Performance Obligations and Revenue Recognized from Past Performance Obligations

As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations relating to workflow technology and analytics revenues that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) was not material.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

The timing of the revenue recognition may differ from the timing of payment from customers. The Company records a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to payment, and when the Company has an unconditional right to payment. The Company records a contract liability when payment is received prior to the time at which the satisfaction of the service obligation occurs.

Receivables related to revenues from contracts with customers amounted to $61.9 million and $56.4 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company did not identify any contract assets. There were no impairment losses on receivables as of September 30, 2024.

Deferred revenue primarily relates to deferred commissions allocated to analytics products and subscription fees billed in advance of satisfying the performance obligations. Deferred revenue related to contracts with customers was $9.4 million and $8.4 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company recognized the full amount of revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, that had been recorded as deferred revenue in the respective prior year.

The Company has not identified any costs to obtain or fulfill its contracts under ASC 606.

14. Income Taxes

The Company is subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax at the rate applicable to corporations less the rate attributable to the noncontrolling interest in Virtu Financial. These noncontrolling interests are subject to U.S. taxation as partnerships. Accordingly, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the income attributable to these noncontrolling interests was reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, but the related U.S. income tax expense attributable to these noncontrolling interests was not reported by the Company as it is the obligation of the individual partners. The Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries are subject to foreign income taxes in the jurisdictions in which they operate. The Company’s provisions for income taxes and effective tax rates were $28.1 million, and 19.1%, and $20.5 million, and 14.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $83.9 million, and 19.0%, and $51.1 million, and 16.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Income tax expense is also affected by the differing effective tax rates in foreign, state and local jurisdictions where certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are subject to corporate taxation.

Included in Other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are current income tax receivables of $34.1 million and $44.3 million, respectively. The balances at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 primarily comprised income tax benefits due to the Company from federal, state, local, and foreign tax jurisdictions based on income before taxes. Included in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are current tax liabilities of $16.3 million and $6.8 million, respectively. The balances at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 primarily comprise income taxes owed to federal, state and local, and foreign tax jurisdictions based on income before taxes.

Deferred income taxes arise primarily due to the amortization of the deferred tax assets recognized in connection with the IPO (see Note 5 “Tax Receivable Agreements”), the Acquisition of KCG, and the ITG Acquisition, differences in the valuation of financial assets and liabilities, and other temporary differences arising from the deductibility of compensation, depreciation, and other expenses in different time periods for book and income tax return purposes.

There are no expiration dates on the deferred tax assets. The provisions of ASC 740 require that carrying amounts of deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the need to establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets is assessed periodically with appropriate consideration given to all positive and negative evidence related to the realization of the deferred tax assets. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any U.S. federal, state or local net operating loss carryforwards and therefore the Company did not record a deferred tax asset related to any federal net operating loss carryforwards.

As a result of the acquisitions of ITG and KCG, the Company has non-U.S. net operating losses at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, of $301.6 million and $304.5 million, respectively, and has recorded related deferred tax assets of $56.4 million and $57.1 million, respectively. A full valuation allowance was recorded against these deferred tax assets at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 as it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized. No valuation allowance against the remaining deferred taxes was recorded as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 because it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will be fully realized.

The Company is subject to taxation in U.S. federal, state, local and foreign jurisdictions. As of September 30, 2024, the Company’s tax years for 2015 through 2023 and 2016 through 2023 were subject to examination by U.S. and non-U.S. tax authorities, respectively. As a result of the ITG Acquisition and the Acquisition of KCG, the Company assumed any ITG and KCG tax exposures. In addition, the Company is subject to state and local income tax examinations in various jurisdictions for the tax years 2013 through 2023. The final outcome of these examinations is not yet determinable. However, the Company anticipates that adjustments related to these examinations, if any, will not result in a material change to its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The Company’s policy for recording interest and penalties associated with audits is to record such items as a component of income or loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interest. Penalties, if any, are recorded in Operations and administrative expense and interest received or paid is recorded in Other, net or Operations and administrative expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, respectively.

The Company had $8.2 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2024, all of which would affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized. The Company has determined that there are no uncertain tax positions that would have a material impact on the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2024.

15. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Legal and Regulatory Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, the nature of the Company’s business subjects it to claims, lawsuits, regulatory examinations or investigations and other proceedings, any of which could result in the imposition of fines, penalties or other sanctions against the Company. The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to several of these matters at the present time. As previously disclosed, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission undertook an investigation of aspects of the Company’s internal information access barriers. The Company cooperated with this civil investigation and engaged in settlement discussions but has been unable to reach a settlement. In September 2023, the SEC filed an action against the Company alleging violations of federal securities laws with respect to the Company’s information barriers policies and procedures for a specified time period in and around January 2018 to April 2019 and related statements made by the Company during such period. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses and is defending itself vigorously. Specifically, the Company is asserting, among other defenses, that it maintained reasonable policies, procedures and controls to protect data during the period consistent with applicable law, that related statements made to clients and investors were true and accurate, and that the statute of limitations has expired with respect to certain claims.

In matters related to the SEC investigation noted above, the Company and certain of its current and former executive officers were named as defendants on May 19, 2023 in Hiebert v. Virtu Financial, Inc., No. 23-cv-03770 and on October 31, 2023 in City of Birmingham Retirement and Relief System v. Virtu Financial, Inc., No. 23-cv-08123. The complaints were each filed by purported stockholders in the Eastern District of New York on behalf of a putative class and assert that the Company made materially false and misleading statements and omissions in its public filings in violation of federal securities laws. The complaints were subsequently consolidated and recaptioned in re Virtu Financial, Inc. Securities Litigation, No. 23-cv-03770. The Company also has received requests for information related to the SEC investigation pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law from counsel for purported stockholders. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses against pending or contemplated claims that its public disclosures were inadequate or misleading. The Company maintains that such disclosures were true and accurate and compliant with applicable law and will defend itself vigorously.

On November 30, 2020, the Company was named as a defendant in In re United States Oil Fund, LP Securities Litigation, No. 20-cv-4740. The consolidated amended complaint was filed in federal district court in New York on behalf of a putative class, and asserts claims against the Company and numerous other financial institutions under Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933 in connection with trading in United States Oil Fund, LP, a crude oil ETF. The complaint also names the ETF, its sponsor, and related individuals as defendants. The complaint did not specify the amount of alleged damages. Defendants moved to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint on January 29, 2021; the motion is fully briefed and pending before the court. The Company believes that the claims are without merit and is defending itself vigorously.

On March 7, 2022, the Company was named as a defendant in Iron Workers Local No. 55 Pension Fund v. Virtu Financial, Inc., No. 2022-0211-PAF pending in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. The complaint, filed by a purported stockholder, seeks to compel the inspection of certain Company books and records pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. The complaint alleges that the stockholder seeks Company information to investigate (a) whether wrongdoing or mismanagement occurred in connection with distributions made to the partners of Virtu Financial pursuant to the Company’s Up-C corporate structure; (b) the independence and disinterestedness of the Company’s directors and/or officers and whether the directors breached their fiduciary duties; and (c) potential damages relating thereto. The Company has made substantial productions of documents and other information in response to plaintiff's requests. Though no substantive claim has been brought, the Company believes that any potential allegations of wrongdoing are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously against any such allegations.

On October 17, 2022, the Company’s subsidiary, along with several other parties, was named as a defendant in Mallinckrodt PLC, et al. (Reorganized Debtors); Opioid Master Disbursement Trust II v. Argos Capital Appreciation Master Fund LP et al No. 20-12522. The complaint alleges that Mallinckrodt PLC engaged in a share repurchase program from 2015 through 2018 pursuant to which it repurchased its own shares in various open market transactions, a period during which it was allegedly insolvent. The plaintiff is seeking to unwind the transactions consummated under the program, alleging such transactions constituted fraudulent transfers by the debtor. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses against any unwinding of transactions, which it has asserted, and will continue to defend itself vigorously.

On December 1, 2022, the Company’s subsidiary, along with several other parties, was named as a defendant in Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. v. Canaccord Genuity LLC, et al No. 1:22-cv-10185. The initial complaint alleged that defendants engaged in market manipulation in the plaintiff’s stock during a period from 2018 to 2022. A first amended complaint was filed on April 10, 2023, bringing substantially the same allegations as the initial complaint. The first amended complaint was dismissed with leave to amend on February 14, 2024. Plaintiff filed a second amended complaint on March 18, 2024. Neither the operative complaint nor prior iterations specify the amount of alleged damages. The Company believes that the claims are without merit and is defending itself vigorously.

On October 7, 2024, the Company and its 50% owned subsidiary, NLN Holdings, LLC, along with several other defendants, were named in a lawsuit brought by Skywave Networks, LLC in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Skywave Networks, LLC v. DiSomma, et al., 1:24-cv-09650 (N.D.Ill.). The complaint alleges that defendants engaged in violations of federal law, 18 U.S.C. sec. 1962, in connection with the application for and utilization of various licenses issued by the Federal Communications Commission, purportedly harming plaintiffs’ attempts to offer certain network communications capacity on a commercial basis. The complaint does not specify any amount of alleged damages. The Company believes that the claims are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously.

Given the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of litigation and regulatory matters, particularly in regulatory examinations or investigations or other proceedings in which substantial or indeterminate judgments, settlements, disgorgements, restitution, penalties, injunctions, damages or fines are sought, or where such matters are in the early stages, the Company cannot estimate losses or ranges of losses for such matters where there is only a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred, and utilizes its judgment in accordance with applicable accounting standards in booking any associated estimated liability. It is not presently possible to determine the ultimate exposure to these matters and it is possible that the resolution of the outstanding matters will significantly exceed any estimated liabilities accrued by the Company. In addition, there are numerous factors that result in a greater degree of complexity in class-action lawsuits as compared to other types of litigation. There can be no assurance that these various legal proceedings will not significantly exceed any estimated liability accrued by the Company or have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations in any future period, and a material judgment, fine or sanction could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. However, it is the opinion of management, after consultation with legal counsel that, based on information currently available, the ultimate outcome of these matters will not have a material adverse impact on the business, financial condition or operating results of the Company, although they might be material to the operating results for any particular reporting period. The Company carries directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage and other insurance coverage for potential claims, including securities actions, against the Company and its respective directors and officers.

Other Legal and Regulatory Matters

The Company owns subsidiaries including regulated entities that are subject to extensive oversight under federal, state and applicable international laws as well as self-regulatory organization (“SRO”) rules. Changes in market structure and the need to remain competitive require constant changes to the Company's systems, order routing and order handling procedures. The Company makes these changes while continuously endeavoring to comply with many complex laws and rules. Compliance, surveillance and trading issues common in the securities industry are monitored by, reported to, and/or reviewed in the ordinary course of business by the Company's regulators in the U.S. and abroad. As a major order flow execution destination, the Company is named from time to time in, or is asked to respond to a number of regulatory matters brought by U.S. regulators, foreign regulators, SROs, as well as actions brought by private plaintiffs, which arise from its business activities. There has recently been an increased focus by regulators on Anti-Money Laundering and sanctions compliance by broker-dealers and similar entities, as well as an enhanced interest on suspicious activity reporting and transactions involving microcap and low-priced securities. In addition, there has been increased regulatory, congressional and media scrutiny of U.S. equities market structure, the retail trading environment in the U.S., wholesale market making and the relationships between retail broker-dealers and market making firms including, but not limited to, payment for order flow arrangements, other remuneration arrangements such as profit-sharing relationships and exchange fee and rebate structures, alternative trading systems and off-exchange trading more generally, high frequency trading, short selling, market fragmentation, colocation, and access to market data feeds. In 2022 and 2023, the SEC proposed several rule changes focused on equity market structure reform, certain of which have adopted while others remain pending. The SEC has recently (i) adopted rule amendments to minimum pricing increments under Rule 612 of Regulation NMS, access fee caps under Rule 610 of Regulation NMS, acceleration of the implementation of certain Market Data Infrastructure Rules, and amendment to the odd-lot information definition adopted under the MDI rules (collectively referred to as the “tick size, access fees and infostructure rule proposals”) which have a compliance date commencing in November 2025, (ii) adopted amendments to Rule 605 of Regulation NMS, which has a compliance date on or about December 15, 2025, (iii).approved a funding model submitted by several exchanges in relation to the Consolidated Audit Trail (CAT) which provides for fee collection commencing in November but is currently subject to legal challenge, and (iv) adopted rules to amend the definitions of “dealer” and “government securities dealer” within the Exchange Act, which is expected to broaden the scope of these registrant categories. The remaining pending proposals include, but are not limited to, (i) Proposed Rule 615 of Regulation NMS, which proposes to dramatically change U.S. equities market structure, the routing, handling and potentially the amount, character and cost of retail order flow, (ii) Regulation Best Execution, which would impose best execution requirements on broker-dealers which would be distinct from, but overlapping with, FINRA’s existing best execution rule (Rule 5310), (iii) a series of amendments to the definition of Exchange and Alternative Trading Systems (ATS), which would expand the scope of exchange and ATS registration and compliance requirements, (iv) proposed amendments to expand and update Regulation Systems Compliance and Integrity (SCI), and (v) a proposal to restrict volume based tiered pricing by equity exchanges in certain cases, and the SEC has indicated that additional rule proposals may be forthcoming. Further, on April 23, 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced a final rule banning most non-compete clauses in employer-employee contracts. The final rule was scheduled to become effective on September 4, 2024, but it was enjoined by a federal district court in September 2024 on the grounds that the rule exceeds the FTC's authority. The FTC is appealing the ruling and therefore its implementation has not yet been definitively resolved. These pending or potential rule changes, to the extent adopted, along with those that have recently been adopted, could adversely affect the Company’s business or the Company’s industry. As indicated above, from time to time, the Company is the subject of requests for information and documents from the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), state attorneys general, and other regulators and governmental authorities. It is the Company's practice to cooperate and comply with the requests for information and documents. Additional information regarding legal and regulatory risks is described within the “Risk Factors” section under the sub header of “Legal and Regulatory Risks” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

As indicated above, the Company is currently the subject of various regulatory reviews and investigations by state, federal and foreign regulators and SROs, including the SEC and FINRA. In some instances, these matters may result in a disciplinary action and/or a civil or administrative action.

Representations and Warranties; Indemnification Arrangements

In the normal course of its operations, the Company enters into contracts that contain a variety of representations and warranties in addition to indemnification obligations, including indemnification obligations in connection with the Acquisition of KCG and the ITG Acquisition. The Company's maximum exposure under these arrangements is currently unknown, as any such exposure could relate to claims not yet brought or events which have not yet occurred.

Consistent with standard business practices in the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts that contain a variety of representations and warranties and general indemnifications. The Company has also provided general indemnifications to its managers, officers, directors, employees, and agents against expenses, legal fees, judgments, fines, settlements, and other amounts actually and reasonably incurred by such persons under certain circumstances as more fully

disclosed in its operating agreement. The overall maximum amount of the obligations (if any) cannot reasonably be estimated as it will depend on the facts and circumstances that give rise to any future claims.

16. Leases

The Company primarily enters into lessee arrangements for corporate office space, data centers, and technology equipment. For more information on lease accounting, see Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and Note 15 "Leases" to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Lease assets and liabilities are summarized as follows:


(in thousands)	Financial Statement Location	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	190,261	$	229,499
Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liabilities	236,253		278,317

Finance leases
Property and equipment, at cost	Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net	43,032		40,857
Accumulated depreciation	Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net	(18,233)		(11,781)
Finance lease liabilities	Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	25,666		29,609

Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate are as follows:


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term
Operating leases	4.78 years		5.25 years
Finance leases	3.40 years		3.50 years
Weighted average discount rate
Operating leases	6.35	%	6.40	%
Finance leases	5.87	%	5.51	%

The components of lease expense are as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease cost:
Fixed	$	17,916	$	18,794	$	55,114	$	57,159
Variable	1,693		1,430		4,590		4,486

Total Operating lease cost	$	19,609	$	20,224	$	59,704	$	61,645

Sublease income	3,948		4,917		13,330		14,724

Finance lease cost:
Amortization of ROU Asset	$	2,718	$	2,269	$	7,874	$	6,821
Interest on lease liabilities	398		290		1,193		810
Total Finance lease cost	$	3,116	$	2,559	$	9,067	$	7,631

Future minimum lease payments under operating and finance leases with non-cancelable lease terms, as of September 30, 2024, are as follows:



(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2024	$	19,245	$	2,937
2025	71,332		8,494
2026	68,517		7,499
2027	31,944		6,329
2028	28,025		2,757
2029 and thereafter	55,309		408
Total lease payments	$	274,372	$	28,424
Less imputed interest	(38,119)		(2,758)
Total lease liability	$	236,253	$	25,666

17. Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents together with restricted or segregated cash

as reported within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition to the sum of the same such amounts shown in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.


(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	701,405	$	820,436
Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other	36,823		35,024

Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows	$	738,228	$	855,460

18. Capital Structure

The Company has four classes of authorized common stock. The Class A Common Stock and the Class C Common Stock have one vote per share. The Class B Common Stock and the Class D Common Stock have 10 votes per share. Shares of the Company’s common stock generally vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. The Founder Member controls approximately 86.8% of the combined voting power of our common stock as a result of its ownership of our Class A, Class C and Class D Common Stock. The Company holds approximately a 57.2% interest in Virtu Financial at September 30, 2024.

During the period prior to the Company's IPO and certain reorganization transactions consummated in connection with the IPO, Class A-2 profits interests and Class B interests in Virtu Financial were issued to Employee Holdco (as defined below) on behalf of certain key employees and stakeholders. In connection with these reorganization transactions, all Class A-2 profits interests and Class B interests were reclassified into Virtu Financial Units. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 4,007,826 and 4,040,772 Virtu Financial Units outstanding held by Employee Holdco (as defined below), respectively, and 32,946 and 422,068 of such Virtu Financial Units and corresponding Class C Common Stock were exchanged into Class A Common Stock, forfeited or repurchased during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan

The Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders adopted the 2015 Management Incentive Plan, which became effective upon consummation of the IPO, and was subsequently amended and restated following receipt of approval from the Company’s stockholders on June 30, 2017, June 5, 2020 and June 2, 2022. The Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock units, and other awards based on an aggregate of 26,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, subject to additional sublimits, including limits on the total option grant to any one participant in a single year and the total performance award to any one participant in a single year.

On November 13, 2020, the Company amended its form award agreement for the issuance of RSUs to provide for the continued vesting of outstanding RSU awards upon the occurrence of a qualified retirement (the “RSU Amendment”). A qualified retirement generally means a voluntary resignation by the participant (i) after five years of service, (ii) the participant attaining the age of 50 and (iii) the sum of the participant's age and service at the time of termination equaling or exceeding 65. Continued vesting is subject to the participant entering into a 2 year non-compete. The RSU Amendment was authorized and approved by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. As a result of the RSU Amendment, currently issued and outstanding RSUs held by the Company's employees, including its executive officers, shall be deemed to be subject to the amended terms of the form award agreement, and any future RSU awards shall also be governed by such amended terms.

Share Repurchase Program

On November 6, 2020, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $100.0 million in Class A common stock and Virtu Financial Units by December 31, 2021. On February 11, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the expansion of the program by an additional $70 million in Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units. On May 4, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the expansion of the Company's share repurchase program, increasing the total authorized amount by an additional $300 million in Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units and extending the duration of the program through May 4, 2022. On November 3, 2021 the Company's Board of Directors authorized another expansion of the program by an additional $750 million to $1,220 million and extending the duration of the program through November 3, 2023, which was subsequently extended through December 31, 2024. On April 24, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the expansion of the program by an additional $500 million to $1,720 million and extended the duration through April 24, 2026. The share repurchase program authorizes the Company to repurchase shares from time to time in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or by other means. Repurchases are also permitted to be made under Rule 10b5-1 plans. The timing and amount of repurchase transactions are determined by the Company's management based on its evaluation of market conditions, share price, cash sources, legal requirements and other factors. From the inception of the program through September 30, 2024, the Company repurchased approximately 48.7 million shares of Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units for approximately $1,224.7 million. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has approximately $495.3 million remaining capacity for future purchases of shares of Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units under the program.

Employee Exchanges

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, pursuant to the exchange agreement by and among the Company, Virtu Financial and holders of Virtu Financial Units, certain current and former employees elected to exchange 31,097 and 186,394 units, respectively, in Virtu Financial held directly or on their behalf by Virtu Employee Holdco LLC (“Employee Holdco”) on a one-for-one basis for shares of Class A Common Stock.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table presents the changes in Other Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	AOCI Beginning Balance		Amounts recorded in AOCI		Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income		AOCI Ending Balance
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains (losses) (1)	$	16,894	$	(4,217)	$	(6,983)	$	5,694
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	(8,185)		3,455		—		(4,730)
Total	$	8,709	$	(762)	$	(6,983)	$	964
(1) Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income are included within Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. As of September 30, 2024, the Company expects approximately $11.1 million to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months. The timing of the reclassification is based on the interest payment schedule of the long-term borrowings.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	AOCI Beginning Balance		Amounts recorded in AOCI		Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income		AOCI Ending Balance
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains (losses) (1)	$	41,970	$	3,733	$	(8,199)	$	37,504
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	(10,838)		(2,339)		—		(13,177)
Total	$	31,132	$	1,394	$	(8,199)	$	24,327
(1) Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income are included within Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	AOCI Beginning Balance		Amounts recorded in AOCI		Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income		AOCI Ending Balance
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains (losses) (1)	$	23,416	$	9,781	$	(27,503)	$	5,694
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	(6,369)		1,639		—		(4,730)
Total	$	17,047	$	11,420	$	(27,503)	$	964
(1) Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income are included within Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. As of September 30, 2024, the Company expects approximately $11.1 million to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months. The timing of the reclassification is based on the interest payment schedule of the long-term borrowings.

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	AOCI Beginning Balance		Amounts recorded in AOCI		Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income		AOCI Ending Balance
Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains (losses) (1)	$	44,925	$	14,635	$	(22,056)	$	37,504
Foreign exchange translation adjustment	(13,321)		144		—		(13,177)
Total	$	31,604	$	14,779	$	(22,056)	$	24,327
(1) Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income are included within Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

19. Share-based Compensation

Pursuant to the Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan as described in Note 18 “Capital Structure”, and in connection with the IPO, non-qualified stock options to purchase shares of Class A Common Stock were granted, each of which vests in equal annual installments over a period of four years from grant date and expires not later than 10 years from the date of grant.

The following table summarizes activity related to stock options for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share




At December 31, 2022	1,521,776	$	19.00	2.24	1,521,776	$	19.00
Granted	—	—		—	—	—
Exercised	—	—		—	—	—
Forfeited or expired	(10,000)	—		—	(10,000)	—
At September 30, 2023	1,511,776	$	19.00	1.49	1,511,776	$	19.00

At December 31, 2023	1,511,776	$	19.00	1.24	1,511,776	$	19.00
Granted	—	—		—	—	—
Exercised	(483,045)	19.00		—	(483,045)	19.00
Forfeited or expired	(2,750)	—		—	(2,750)	—
At September 30, 2024	1,025,981	$	19.00	0.49	1,025,981	$	19.00

The expected life was determined based on an average of vesting and contractual period. The risk-free interest rate was determined based on the yields available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues. The expected stock price volatility was determined based on historical volatilities of comparable companies. The expected dividend yield was determined based on estimated future dividend payments divided by the IPO stock price.

Class A Common Stock, Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards

Pursuant to the Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan as described in Note 18 “Capital Structure”, subsequent to the IPO, shares of immediately vested Class A Common Stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) were granted, with RSUs and RSAs vesting over a period of up to 4 years. The fair value of the Class A Common Stock and RSUs was determined based on a volume weighted average price and the expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The fair value of the RSAs was determined based on the closing price as of the date of grant and the expense is recognized from the date that achievement of the performance target becomes probable through the remainder of the vesting period. Performance targets are based on the Company's adjusted EBITDA for certain future periods. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, there were 878,091 and 868,315 shares of immediately vested Class A Common Stock granted as part of year-end compensation. In addition, the Company accrued compensation expense of $6.9 million and $5.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $19.6 million and $17.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to immediately vested Class A Common Stock expected to be awarded as part of year-end incentive compensation, which was included in Employee compensation and payroll taxes on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

The following table summarizes activity related to RSUs and RSAs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Number of RSUs and RSAs	Weighted Average Fair Value




At December 31, 2022	3,954,833	$	28.13
Granted (1)	3,763,217	19.28
Forfeited	(184,381)	26.55
Vested	(2,558,333)	23.63
At September 30, 2023	4,975,336	$	23.81

At December 31, 2023	4,903,174	$	23.90
Granted	3,559,799	18.13
Forfeited	(132,554)	21.58
Vested	(2,820,419)	21.65
At September 30, 2024	5,510,000	$	21.38
(1) Excluded in the number of RSUs and RSAs are 37,500 participating RSAs for nine months ended September 30, 2023, where the grant date has not been achieved because the performance conditions have not been met.

The Company recognized $11.1 million and $9.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $31.3 million and $29.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of compensation expense in relation to RSUs. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, total unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was $61.7 million and $55.2 million, respectively, and this amount is to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.1 years and 0.9 years, respectively. Awards in which the specific performance conditions have not been met are not included in unrecognized share-based compensation expense.

On November 13, 2020, the Company adopted the Virtu Financial, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (the “DCP”). The DCP permits eligible executive officers and other employees to defer cash or equity-based compensation beginning in the calendar year ending December 31, 2021, subject to certain limitations and restrictions. Deferrals of cash compensation may also be directed to notional investments in certain of the employee investment opportunities.

20 Regulatory Requirement

U.S. Subsidiary

The Company's U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries VAL and RFQ-hub Americas LLC (“RAL”, as described in Note 3 “Business Held for Sale”, which is currently held for sale), are subject to the SEC Uniform Net Capital Rule 15c3-1, which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital as detailed in the table below. RAL became a U.S. broker-dealer in June 2023. Pursuant to New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) rules, VAL was also required to maintain $1.0 million of capital in connection with the operation of its designated market maker (“DMM”) business as of September 30, 2024. The required amount is determined under the exchange rules as the greater of (i) $1.0 million or (ii) $75,000 for every 0.1% of NYSE transaction dollar volume in each of the securities for which the Company is registered as the DMM.

The regulatory capital and regulatory capital requirements of the Company's U.S. subsidiaries as of September 30, 2024 was as follows:


(in thousands)	Regulatory Capital		Regulatory Capital Requirement		Excess Regulatory Capital
Virtu Americas LLC	$	398,257	$	1,574	$	396,683
RFQ-hub Americas LLC	664		6		658

As of September 30, 2024, VAL had $30.2 million of cash in special reserve bank accounts for the benefit of customers pursuant to SEC Rule 15c3-3, Computation for Determination of Reserve Requirements, and $6.3 million of cash in reserve bank accounts for the benefit of proprietary accounts of brokers. The balances are included within Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

The regulatory capital and regulatory capital requirements of the Company's U.S. subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 was as follows:


(in thousands)	Regulatory Capital		Regulatory Capital Requirement		Excess Regulatory Capital
Virtu Americas LLC	$	412,626	$	1,000	$	411,626
RFQ-hub Americas LLC	1,425		15		1,410

As of December 31, 2023, VAL had $28.7 million of cash in special reserve bank accounts for the benefit of customers pursuant to SEC Rule 15c3-3, Computation for Determination of Reserve Requirements, and $6.1 million of cash in reserve bank accounts for the benefit of proprietary accounts of brokers.

Foreign Subsidiaries

The Company’s foreign subsidiaries are subject to regulatory capital requirements set by local regulatory bodies, including the Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization (“CIRO”), the Central Bank of Ireland (“CBI”), the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) in the United Kingdom, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (“ASIC”), the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong (“SFC”), and the Monetary Authority of Singapore (“MAS”).

The regulatory net capital balances and regulatory capital requirements applicable to the Company's foreign subsidiaries as of September 30, 2024 were as follows:


(in thousands)	Regulatory Capital		Regulatory Capital Requirement		Excess Regulatory Capital
Canada
Virtu Canada Corp (1)	$	13,479	$	185	$	13,294

Virtu Financial Canada ULC	1,326		185		1,141
Ireland
Virtu Europe Trading Limited (1)	61,829		27,772		34,057
Virtu Financial Ireland Limited (1)	82,169		41,608		40,561
United Kingdom
Virtu ITG UK Limited (1)	3,253		1,003		2,250
Asia Pacific
Virtu ITG Australia Limited	34,246		27,985		6,261
Virtu ITG Hong Kong Limited	1,947		386		1,561
Virtu ITG Singapore Pte Limited	1,142		133		1,009
Virtu Financial Singapore Pte. Ltd.	208,612		148,515		60,097
(1) Preliminary

As of September 30, 2024, Virtu Europe Trading Limited had $62 thousand of segregated funds on deposit for trade clearing and settlement activity, and Virtu ITG Hong Kong Ltd. had $30 thousand of segregated balances under a collateral account control agreement for the benefit of certain customers.

The regulatory net capital balances and regulatory capital requirements applicable to the Company's foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:


(in thousands)	Regulatory Capital		Regulatory Capital Requirement		Excess Regulatory Capital
Canada
Virtu ITG Canada Corp	$	14,630	$	189	$	14,441
Virtu Financial Canada ULC	1,197		189		1,008
Ireland
Virtu Europe Trading Limited	86,370		27,821		58,549
Virtu Financial Ireland Limited	88,939		40,459		48,480
United Kingdom
Virtu ITG UK Limited	2,040		955		1,085
Asia Pacific
Virtu ITG Australia Limited	24,788		3,856		20,932
Virtu ITG Hong Kong Limited	2,786		445		2,341
Virtu ITG Singapore Pte Limited	953		130		823
Virtu Financial Singapore Pte. Ltd.	126,022		73,407		52,615

As of December 31, 2023, Virtu Europe Trading Limited had $36 thousand of segregated funds on deposit for trade clearing and settlement activity, and Virtu ITG Hong Kong Ltd had $30 thousand of segregated balances under a collateral account control agreement for the benefit of certain customers.

21. Geographic Information and Business Segments

The Company operates its business in the U.S. and internationally, primarily in Europe and Asia. Significant transactions and balances between geographic regions occur primarily as a result of certain of the Company’s subsidiaries incurring operating expenses such as employee compensation, communications and data processing and other overhead costs, for the purpose of providing execution, clearing and other support services to affiliates. Charges for transactions between regions are designed to approximate full costs. Intra-region income and expenses and related balances have been eliminated in the geographic information presented below to accurately reflect the external business conducted in each geographical region. The revenues are attributed to countries based on the locations of the subsidiaries. The following table presents total revenues by geographic area for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenues:
United States	$	576,606	$	537,574	$	1,662,612	$	1,475,541
Ireland	63,024		52,181		192,346		153,633
Others	67,210		40,409		187,706		128,222
Total revenues	$	706,840	$	630,164	$	2,042,664	$	1,757,396

The Company has two operating segments: (i) Market Making and (ii) Execution Services; and one non-operating segment: Corporate.

The Market Making segment principally consists of market making in the cash, futures, and options markets across global equities, fixed income, currencies, and commodities. As a market maker, the Company commits capital on a principal basis by offering to buy securities from, or sell securities to, broker-dealers, banks and institutions. The Company engages in principal trading in the Market Making segment direct to clients as well as in a supplemental capacity on exchanges, Electronic Communications Networks (“ECNs”) and alternative trading systems (“ATSs”). The Company is an active participant on all major global equity and futures exchanges and also trades on substantially all domestic electronic options exchanges. As a complement to electronic market making, the cash trading business handles specialized orders and also transacts on the OTC Link ATS operated by OTC Markets Group Inc.

The Execution Services segment comprises client-based trading and trading venues, offering execution services in global equities, options, futures and fixed income on behalf of institutions, banks and broker-dealers. The Company earns commissions as an agent on behalf of clients as well as between principals to transactions; in addition, the Company will commit capital on behalf of clients as needed. Client-based, execution-only trading in the segment is done primarily through a variety of access points including: (i) algorithmic trading and order routing in global equities and options; (ii) institutional sales traders who offer portfolio trading and single stock sales trading which provides execution expertise for program, block and riskless principal trades in global equities and ETFs; and (iii) matching of client conditional orders in POSIT Alert and client orders in the Company's ATSs, including Virtu MatchIt, and POSIT. The Execution Services segment also includes revenues derived from providing (a) proprietary risk management and trading infrastructure technology to select third parties for a service fee, (b) workflow technology, the Company’s integrated, broker-neutral trading tools delivered across the globe including trade order and execution management and order management software applications and network connectivity and (c) trading analytics, including (1) tools enabling portfolio managers and traders to improve pre-trade, real-time and post-trade execution performance, (2) portfolio construction and optimization decisions and (3) securities valuation. The segment also includes the results of the Company's capital markets business, in which the Company acts as an agent for issuers in connection with at-the-market offerings and buyback programs.

The Corporate segment contains the Company's investments, principally in strategic trading-related opportunities and maintains corporate overhead expenses and all other income and expenses that are not attributable to the Company's other segments.

Management evaluates the performance of its segments on a pre-tax basis. Segment assets and liabilities are not used for evaluating segment performance or in deciding how to allocate resources to segments. The Company’s total revenues and

income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest (“Pre-tax earnings”) by segment for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are summarized in the following table:


(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Consolidated Total
2024
Total revenue	$	576,660	$	125,727	$	4,453	$	706,840
Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	125,556		18,275		3,329		147,160

2023
Total revenue	$	517,351	$	112,453	$	360	$	630,164
Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	130,252		7,814		39		138,105

The Company’s Pre-tax earnings by segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are summarized in the following table:


(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Consolidated Total
2024
Total revenue	$	1,667,450	$	370,575	$	4,639	$	2,042,664
Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	397,050		43,118		2,197		442,365

2023
Total revenue	$	1,421,522	$	340,045	$	(4,171)	$	1,757,396
Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	298,104		16,711		(6,478)		308,337

22. Related Party Transactions

The Company incurs expenses and maintains balances with its affiliates in the ordinary course of business. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 the Company had net payables to its affiliates of $1.1 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

The Company has held a minority interest in JNX since 2016 (see Note 10 “Financial Assets and Liabilities”). The Company pays exchange fees to JNX for the trading activities conducted on its proprietary trading system. The Company paid $3.5 million and $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $8.5 million and $8.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, to JNX for these trading activities.

The Company pays monthly use fees to a JV in which it holds an interest (see Note 12 “Variable Interest Entities”). These monthly fees are for the use of communication networks operated by the JV and are recorded within Communications and data processing on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company previously held a similar arrangement with another telecommunication JV and paid a monthly use fee, and the Company disposed of its interests in this JV and ended the monthly fee arrangement as of September 1, 2024. The Company made payments to these JVs of $13.5 million and $12.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $28.3 million and $25.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company has an interest in Members Exchange, a member-owned equities exchange. The Company pays regulatory and transaction fees and receives rebates from trading activities. The Company made payments of $1.1 million and $2.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $5.9 million and $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

23. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events for adjustment to or disclosure in its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements through the date of this report, and has not identified any recordable or disclosable events, not otherwise reported in these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements or the notes thereto, except for the following:

On October 24, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.24 per share of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock and per participating Restricted Stock Unit and Restricted Stock Award that will be paid on December 15, 2024 to holders of record as of December 1, 2024.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following management’s discussion and analysis covers the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023 should be read in conjunction with the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes for the period ended September 30, 2024, which are included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and MD&A for the year ended December 31, 2023, which are included in Item 8 and 7 respectively, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. This management’s discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts are presented in thousands of dollars.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they are subject to numerous uncertainties and factors relating to our operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Forward-looking statements include information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, including descriptions of our business strategy. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “may,” “will,” “should,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “project” or, in each case, their negative, or other variations or comparable terminology and expressions. These statements are based on assumptions that we have made in light of our experience in the industry as well as our perceptions of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe are appropriate under the circumstances. As you read and consider this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should understand that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance or results and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate, may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, including those described under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 16, 2024 (the “2023 Form 10-K”), because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. Although we believe that the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are based on reasonable assumptions, you should be aware that many factors, including those described under the heading “Risk Factors” in our 2023 Form 10-K, could affect our actual financial results or results of operations and cash flows, and could cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statements, including but not limited to:

•volatility in levels of overall trading activity;

•dependence upon trading counterparties, clients and clearing houses performing their obligations to us;

•failures of our customized trading platform;

•risks inherent to the electronic market making business and trading generally;

•SEC proposals focused on equity markets which may, if adopted, materially change U.S. equity market structure, including by reducing overall trading volumes, reducing off-exchange trading and market making opportunities, requiring additional tools, platforms and services to register as an ATS or exchange, and generally increasing the implicit and explicit cost as well as the complexity of the U.S. equities eco-system for all participants;

•additionally, enhanced regulatory, congressional, and media scrutiny, including attention to electronic trading, wholesale market making and off-exchange trading, payment for order flow, and other market structure topics may result in additional potential changes in regulation or law which could have an adverse effect on our business as well as adversely impact the public's perception of us or of companies in our industry;

•increased competition in market making activities and execution services;

•dependence on continued access to sources of liquidity;

•risks associated with self-clearing and other operational elements of our business, including but limited to risks related to funding and liquidity;

•obligations to comply with applicable regulatory capital requirements;

•litigation or other legal and regulatory-based liabilities;

•changes in laws, rules or regulations, including proposed legislation that would impose taxes on certain financial transactions in the European Union, the U.S. (and certain states therein) and other jurisdictions and other potential changes which could increase our corporate or other tax obligations in one or more jurisdictions;

•obligations to comply with laws and regulations applicable to our operations in the U.S. and abroad;

•need to maintain and continue developing proprietary technologies;

•capacity constraints, system failures, and delays;

•dependence on third-party infrastructure or systems;

•use of open source software;

•failure to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights in our proprietary technology;

•failure to protect confidential and proprietary information;

•failure to protect our systems from internal or external cyber threats that could result in damage to our computer systems, business interruption, loss of data, monetary payment demands or other consequences;

•risks associated with international operations and expansion, including failed acquisitions or dispositions;

•the effects of and changes in economic conditions (such as volatility in the financial markets, increased inflation, monetary conditions and foreign currency and continued or exacerbated exchange rate fluctuations, foreign currency controls and/or government mandated pricing controls, as well as in trade, monetary, fiscal and tax policies in international markets), political conditions (such as military actions and terrorist activities), and other global events such as fires, geopolitical conflicts, natural disasters, pandemics or extreme weather;

•risks associated with potential growth and associated corporate actions;

•risks associated with new and emerging asset classes and eco-systems in which we may participate, including digital assets, including risks related to volatility in the underlying assets, regulatory uncertainty, evolving industry practices and standards around custody, clearing and settlement, and other risks inherent in a new and evolving asset class;

•inability to access, or delay in accessing, the capital markets to sell shares or raise additional capital;

•loss of key executives and failure to recruit and retain qualified personnel; and

•risks associated with losing access to a significant exchange or other trading venue.

Our forward-looking statements made herein are made only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We expressly disclaim any intent, obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statements made herein to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements are based. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “Virtu” and the “Company” refer to Virtu Financial, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries and the term “Virtu Financial” refers to Virtu Financial LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a consolidated subsidiary of ours.

Overview

We are a leading financial services firm that leverages cutting edge technology to deliver liquidity to the global markets and innovative, transparent trading solutions to our clients. Leveraging our global market structure expertise and scaled, multi-asset technology infrastructure, we provide our clients with a robust product suite including offerings in execution, liquidity sourcing, analytics and broker-neutral, multi-dealer platforms in workflow technology. Our product offerings allow our clients to trade on hundreds of venues across over 50 countries and in multiple asset classes, including global equities, ETFs, options, foreign exchange, futures, fixed income, cryptocurrencies and other commodities. Our integrated, multi-asset analytics platform provides a range of pre- and post-trade services, data products and compliance tools that our clients rely upon to invest, trade and manage risk across global markets. We believe that our broad diversification, in combination with our proprietary technology platform and low-cost structure gives us the scale necessary to grow our business around the globe as we service clients and facilitate risk transfer between global capital markets participants by providing liquidity, while at the same time earning attractive margins and returns.

Technology and operational efficiency are at the core of our business, and our focus on technology is a key element of our success. We have developed a proprietary, multi-asset, multi-currency technology platform that is highly reliable, scalable and modular, and we integrate directly with exchanges, liquidity centers, and our clients. Our market data, order routing, transaction processing, risk management and market surveillance technology modules manage our market making and execution services activities in an efficient manner and enable us to scale our activities globally across additional securities and other financial instruments and asset classes without significant incremental costs or third-party licensing or processing fees.

We believe that technology-enabled market makers and execution services providers like Virtu serve an important role in maintaining and enhancing the overall health and efficiency of the global capital markets by ensuring that market participants have an efficient means to invest, transfer risk and analyze the quality of executions. We believe that market participants benefit from the increased liquidity, lower overall trading costs and execution transparency that Virtu provides.

Our execution services and client solutions products are designed to be transparent, because we believe transparency makes markets more efficient and helps investors make better, more informed decisions. We use the latest technology to create and deliver liquidity to global markets and innovative trading solutions and analytics tools to our clients. We interact directly with hundreds of retail brokers, Registered Investment Advisors, private client networks, sell-side brokers, and buy-side institutions.

We have two operating segments: Market Making and Execution Services, and one non-operating segment: Corporate. Our management allocates resources, assesses performance and manages our business according to these segments.

Market Making

We leverage cutting edge technology to provide competitive and deep liquidity that helps to create more efficient markets around the world. As a market maker and liquidity provider, we stand ready, at any time, to buy or sell a broad range of securities and other financial instruments, and we generate profits by buying and selling large volumes of securities and other financial instruments and earning small bid/ask spreads. Our market structure expertise, broad diversification, and scalable execution technology enable us to provide competitive bids and offers in over 25,000 securities and other financial instruments, on over 250 venues, in 40 countries worldwide. We use the latest technology to create and deliver liquidity to the global markets and automate our market making, risk controls, and post-trade processes. As a market maker, we interact directly with hundreds of retail brokers, Registered Investment Advisors, private client networks, sell-side brokers, and buy-side institutions.

We believe the overall level of volumes and realized volatility as well as the attractiveness of the order flow we interact with and the level of retail participation in the various markets we serve have the greatest impact on the financial performance of our market making businesses. Increases in market volatility can cause bid/ask spreads to widen as market participants are more willing to pay market makers like us to transact immediately and as a result, market makers’ capture rate per notional amount transacted may increase.

Execution Services

We offer client execution services and trading venues that provide transparent trading in global equities, ETFs, fixed income, currencies, and commodities to institutions, banks and broker-dealers. We generally earn commissions when transacting as an agent for our clients. Client-based, execution-only trading within this segment is done through a variety of access points including: (a) algorithmic trading and order routing; (b) institutional sales traders who offer portfolio trading and single stock sales trading which provides execution expertise for program, block and riskless principal trades in global equities and ETFs; and (c) matching of client conditional orders in POSIT Alert and in our ATSs, including Virtu MatchIt and POSIT. We also earn revenues (a) by providing our proprietary technology and infrastructure to select third parties for a service fee, (b) through workflow technology and our integrated, broker-neutral trading tools delivered across the globe, including order and execution management systems and order management software applications and network connectivity and (c) through trading analytics, including (1) tools enabling portfolio managers and traders to improve pre-trade, real-time and post-trade execution performance, (2) portfolio construction and optimization decisions and (3) securities valuation. The segment also includes the results of our capital markets business, in which we act as an agent for issuers in connection with at-the-market offerings and buyback programs.

Corporate

Our Corporate segment contains investments principally in strategic financial services-oriented opportunities and maintains corporate overhead expenses and all other income and expenses that are not attributable to our other segments.

Credit Agreement

On March 1, 2019, the “ITG Closing Date”, we announced the completed acquisition of Investment Technology Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“ITG”) in an all-cash transaction (the “ITG Acquisition”). In connection with the ITG Acquisition, Virtu Financial, VFH Parent LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a subsidiary of Virtu Financial (“VFH”), and Impala Borrower LLC (the “Acquisition Borrower”), a subsidiary of the Company, entered into a credit agreement, with the lenders party thereto, Jefferies Finance LLC, as administrative agent and Jefferies Finance LLC and RBC Capital Markets, as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners (the “Acquisition Credit Agreement”). The Acquisition Credit Agreement provided (i) a senior secured first lien term loan (together with the Acquisition Incremental Term Loans, as defined below; the “Acquisition First Lien Term Loan Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $1,500.0 million, drawn in its entirety on the ITG Closing Date, of which approximately $404.5 million was borrowed by VFH to repay all amounts outstanding under a previous term loan facility and the remaining approximately $1,095.0 million borrowed by the Acquisition Borrower to finance the consideration and fees and expenses paid in connection with the ITG Acquisition, and (ii) a $50.0 million senior secured first lien revolving facility to VFH (the “Acquisition First Lien Revolving Facility”), with a $5.0 million letter of credit subfacility and a $5.0 million swingline subfacility. After the ITG Closing Date, VFH assumed the obligations of the Acquisition Borrower in respect of the acquisition term loans. On October 9, 2019, VFH entered into an amendment (“Amendment No. 1”), which amended the Acquisition Credit Agreement dated as of March 1, 2019, to, among other things, provide for $525.0 million in aggregate principal amount of incremental term loans (the “Acquisition Incremental Term Loans”), and amend the related collateral agreement. On March 2, 2020, VFH entered into a second amendment (“Amendment No. 2”), which further amended the Acquisition Credit Agreement to, among other things, reduce the interest rate spread over adjusted London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or the alternate base rate by 0.50% per annum and eliminated any step-down in the spread based on VFH’s first lien leverage ratio.

On January 13, 2022 (the “Credit Agreement Closing Date”), VFH and Virtu Financial entered into a credit agreement, with the lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and JPMorgan Chase bank, N.A., Goldman Sachs Bank USA, RBC Capital Markets, Barclays Bank plc, Jefferies Finance LLC, BMO Capital Markets Corp., and CIBC World Markets Corp., as joint lead arrangers and bookrunners (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides (i) a senior secured first lien term loan in an aggregate principal amount of $1,800.0 million, drawn in its entirety on the Credit Agreement Closing Date, the proceeds of which were used by VFH to repay all amounts outstanding under the Acquisition Credit Agreement, to pay fees and expenses in connection therewith, to fund share repurchases under the Company’s repurchase program and for general corporate purposes, and (ii) a $250.0 million senior secured first lien revolving facility to VFH, with a $20.0 million letter of credit subfacility and a $20.0 million swingline subfacility.

On June 21, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) and completed the issuance of the Notes (as defined below). Pursuant to the Amended Credit Agreement, $1,245.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured First Lien Term B-1 Loans due 2031 (the “New Term Loans”) were issued, the proceeds of which were used, along with the proceeds of the Notes, to repay in full all term loans previously outstanding under the Credit Agreement. Additionally, the Amended Credit Agreement provides an increase in its senior secured first lien revolving credit facility from $250.0 million to $300.0 million and an extension of the maturity thereof to three years after the Amendment Effective Date.

Indenture

Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan

The Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders adopted the 2015 Management Incentive Plan, which became effective upon consummation of the Company’s IPO and was subsequently amended and restated following receipt of approval from the Company’s stockholders on June 30, 2017 (the “Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan”). The Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock units, and other awards based on an aggregate of 16,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Class A Common Stock”), subject to additional sublimits, including limits on the total option grant to any one participant in a single year and the total performance award to any one participant in a single year. On April 23, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted an amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan in order to increase the number of shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock reserved for issuance, and in respect of which awards may be granted under the Amended and Restated 2015 Plan from 16,000,000 to an aggregate of 21,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock. On April 22, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted another amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares to an aggregate of 26,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock and the amendment was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the Company’s annual meeting of shareholders on June 2, 2022.

In connection with the IPO, non-qualified stock options to purchase 9,228,000 shares were granted at the IPO per share price, each of which vested in equal annual installments over a period of four years from the grant date and expire not later than 10 years from the grant date. Subsequent to the IPO and through September 30, 2024, options to purchase 1,646,500 shares in the aggregate were forfeited and 6,555,519 options were exercised. The fair value of the stock option grants was determined through the application of the Black-Scholes-Merton model and was recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

Parent Company Financial Information

There are no material differences between our condensed consolidated financial statements and the financial statements of Virtu Financial except as follows: (i) cash and cash equivalents reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of September 30, 2024 in the amount of $50.7 million; (ii) deferred tax assets reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of September 30, 2024 in the amount of $118.9 million and tax receivable agreement obligation in the amount of $196.3 million, in each case as described in greater detail in Note 5 “Tax Receivable Agreements” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q; (iii) a portion of the member’s equity of Virtu Financial is represented as noncontrolling interest on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of September 30, 2024; and (iv) provision for corporate income tax in the amount of $18.3 million and $53.2 million reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Components of Our Results of Operations

The following table shows our i) Total revenue, ii) Total operating expenses, and iii) Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


(in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
Market Making	2024		2023		2024		2023
Total revenue	$	576,660	$	517,351	$	1,667,450	$	1,421,522
Total operating expenses	451,104		387,099		1,270,400		1,123,418
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	125,556		130,252		397,050		298,104
Execution Services
Total revenue	125,727		112,453		370,575		340,045
Total operating expenses	107,452		104,639		327,457		323,334
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	18,275		7,814		43,118		16,711
Corporate
Total revenue	4,453		360		4,639		(4,171)
Total operating expenses	1,124		321		2,442		2,307
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	3,329		39		2,197		(6,478)
Consolidated
Total revenue	706,840		630,164		2,042,664		1,757,396
Total operating expenses	559,680		492,059		1,600,299		1,449,059
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	$	147,160	$	138,105	$	442,365	$	308,337

The following table shows our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023

Revenues:
Trading income, net	$	443,997		$	316,085		$	1,278,487		$	1,034,764
Interest and dividends income	125,229			127,693			338,287			307,916
Commissions, net and technology services	131,621			110,276			376,333			341,223
Other, net	5,993			76,110			49,557			73,493
Total revenue	706,840			630,164			2,042,664			1,757,396

Operating Expenses:
Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net	176,745			123,245			467,331			391,238
Communication and data processing	59,601			57,066			177,110			170,837
Employee compensation and payroll taxes	107,646			97,221			314,185			296,214

Interest and dividends expense	136,070			132,802			385,791			342,896
Operations and administrative	24,939			22,416			69,346			72,204
Depreciation and amortization	16,486			15,815			48,640			47,076
Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software	11,848			15,967			38,688			48,007
Termination of office leases	17			364			50			314
Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment and commitment fees	1,767			1,796			27,740			5,744
Transaction advisory fees and expenses	69			6			264			30


Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings	24,492			25,361			71,154			74,499
Total operating expenses	559,680			492,059			1,600,299			1,449,059
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	147,160			138,105			442,365			308,337
Provision for income taxes	28,137			20,512			83,917			51,117
Net income	$	119,023		$	117,593		$	358,448		$	257,220

Selected Operating Margins
GAAP Net income Margin (1)	16.8		%	18.7		%	17.5		%	14.6		%

(1)Calculated by dividing Net income by Total revenue.

Net income available to stockholders and basic and diluted earnings per share are presented below:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except for share or per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	119,023	$	117,593	$	358,448	$	257,220
Noncontrolling interest	(59,071)		(55,678)		(176,093)		(120,722)

Net income available for common stockholders	$	59,952	$	61,915	$	182,355	$	136,498

Earnings per share
Basic	$	0.65	$	0.63	$	1.95	$	1.36
Diluted	$	0.64	$	0.63	$	1.95	$	1.36

Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic	87,152,658		93,408,537		88,093,082		95,376,590
Diluted	87,536,847		93,408,537		88,340,592		95,376,590

Total Revenues

Revenues are generated through market marking activities, commissions and fees on execution services activities, which include recurring subscriptions on workflow technology and analytic products. The majority of our revenues are generated through market making activities, which are recorded as Trading income, net and Interest and dividends income. Commissions and fees are derived from commissions charged for trade executions in client execution services. Recurring revenues are primarily derived from workflow technology connectivity fees generated for matching client orders, and analytics services to select third parties. Revenues from connectivity fees are recognized and billed to clients on a monthly basis. Revenues from commissions attributable to analytic products under bundled arrangements are recognized over the course of the year as the performance obligations for those analytics products are satisfied.

Trading income, net. Trading income, net represents revenue earned from bid/ask spreads. Trading income is generated in the normal course of our market making activities and is typically proportional to the level of trading activity, or volumes, and bid/ask spreads in the asset classes we serve. Our trading income is highly diversified by asset class and geography and comprises small amounts earned on millions of trades on various exchanges. Our trading income, net, results from gains and losses associated with trading strategies, which are designed to capture small bid/ask spreads, while hedging risks. Trading income, net, accounted for 63% and 59% of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Interest and dividends income. Our market making activities require us to hold securities on a regular basis, and we generate revenues in the form of interest and dividends income from these securities. Interest is also earned on securities borrowed from other market participants pursuant to collateralized financing arrangements and on cash held by brokers. Dividends income arises from holding market making positions over dates on which dividends are paid to shareholders of record.

Commissions, net and technology services. We earn revenues on transactions for which we charge explicit commissions, which include the majority of our institutional client orders. Commissions and fees are primarily affected by changes in our equities, fixed income and futures transaction volumes with institutional clients, which vary based on client relationships; changes in commission rates; client experience on the various platforms; level of volume-based fees from providing liquidity to other trading venues; and the level of our soft dollar and commission recapture activity. Client commission fees are charged for client trades executed by us on behalf of third-party broker-dealers and other financial institutions. Revenue is recognized on a trade date basis, which is the point at which the performance obligation to the customer is satisfied, based on the trade being executed. In addition, we offer workflow technology and analytics services to select third parties. Revenues are derived from fees generated by matching sell-side and buy-side clients orders, and from analytic products delivered to the clients.

Other, net. We have interests in multiple strategic investments and telecommunications joint ventures (“JVs”). We record our pro-rata share of our JVs’ earnings or losses within Other, net, while fees related to the use of communication services provided by the JVs are recorded within Communications and data processing.

We have a noncontrolling investment (the “JNX Investment”) in Japannext Co., Ltd. (“JNX”), a proprietary trading system based in Tokyo. In connection with the investment, we issued bonds to certain affiliates of JNX and used the proceeds to partially finance the transaction. Revenues or losses are recognized due to the changes in fair value of the investment or fluctuations in Japanese Yen conversion rates within Other, net.

Other, net can also include gains on sales of strategic investments and businesses, as well as revenues from service agreements related to the sale of businesses.

Operating Expenses

Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net. Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow are our most significant expenses, which include the direct expenses of executing and clearing transactions that we consummate in the course of our market making activities. Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow primarily consist of fees charged by third parties for executing, processing and settling trades. These fees generally increase and decrease in direct correlation with the level of our trading activity. Execution fees are paid primarily to exchanges and venues where we trade. Clearance fees are paid to clearing houses and clearing agents. Payments for order flow represent payments to broker-dealer clients, in the normal course of business, for directing their order flow in U.S. equities to the Company. Rebates based on volume discounts, credits or payments received from exchanges or other marketplaces are netted against brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow.

Communication and data processing. Communication and data processing represent primarily fixed expenses for data center co-location, network lines and connectivity for our trading centers and co-location facilities. Communications expense consists primarily of the cost of voice and data telecommunication lines supporting our business, including connectivity to data centers, exchanges, markets and liquidity pools around the world, and data processing expense consists primarily of market data subscription fees that we pay to third parties to receive price quotes and related information.

Employee compensation and payroll taxes. Employee compensation and payroll taxes include employee salaries, cash and non-cash incentive compensation, employee benefits, payroll taxes, severance and other employee related costs. Employee compensation and payroll taxes also includes non-cash compensation expenses with respect to restricted stock units and restricted stock awards pursuant to the Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan and Class A Common Stock underlying certain awards assumed pursuant to the Amended and Restated ITG 2007 Equity Plan.

Interest and dividends expense. We incur interest expense from loaning certain equity securities in the general course of our market making activities pursuant to collateralized lending transactions. Typically, dividends expense is incurred when a dividend is paid on securities sold short.

Operations and administrative. Operations and administrative expense represents occupancy, recruiting, travel and related expense, professional fees and other expenses.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense results from the depreciation of fixed assets and leased equipment, such as computing and communications hardware, as well as amortization of leasehold improvements and capitalized in-house software development. We depreciate our computer hardware and related software, office hardware and furniture and fixtures on a straight-line basis over a period of 3 to 7 years based on the estimated useful life of the underlying asset, and we amortize our capitalized software development costs on a straight-line basis over a period of 1.5 to 3 years, which represents the estimated useful lives of the underlying software. We amortize leasehold improvements on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the life of the improvement or the term of the lease.

Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software. Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software represents the amortization of finite lived intangible assets acquired in connection with the Acquisition of KCG and the ITG Acquisition. These assets are amortized over their useful lives, ranging from 1 to 15 years, except for certain assets which were categorized as having indefinite useful lives.

Termination of office leases. Termination of office leases represents the write-off expense related to certain office space we ceased use of as part of the effort to integrate and consolidate office space. The aggregate write-off amount includes the impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets, leasehold improvements and fixed assets, and dilapidation charges.

Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment and commitment fees. As a result of the refinancing or early termination of our long-term borrowings, we accelerate the capitalized debt issue cost and the discount on the term loan that

would otherwise be amortized or accreted over the life of the term loan. Premium paid in connection with retiring outstanding bonds, and commitment fees paid for lines of credit are also included in this category.

Transaction advisory fees and expenses. Transaction advisory fees and expenses primarily reflect professional fees incurred by us in connection with one or more acquisitions or dispositions.

Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings. Financing interest expense reflects interest accrued on outstanding indebtedness under our long-term borrowing arrangements.

Provision for income taxes

We are subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax at the rate applicable to corporations less the rate attributable to the noncontrolling interest in Virtu Financial. Our non-U.S. operations are also subject to foreign income tax at the applicable corporate rates.

Our effective tax rate is subject to significant variation due to several factors, including variability in our pre-tax and taxable income and loss and the jurisdictions to which they relate, changes in how we do business, acquisitions and investments, audit-related developments, tax law developments (including changes in statutes, regulations, case law, and administrative practices), and relative changes of expenses or losses for which tax benefits are not recognized. Additionally, our effective tax rate can be more or less volatile based on the amount of pre-tax income or loss. For example, the impact of discrete items and non-deductible expenses on our effective tax rate is greater when our pre-tax income is lower. Our effective tax rate may also be impacted by changes in the portion of income that is attributable to the noncontrolling interest.

We regularly assess whether it is more likely than not that we will realize our deferred tax assets in each taxing jurisdiction in which we operate. In performing this assessment with respect to each jurisdiction, we review all available evidence, including actual and expected future earnings, capital gains, and investment in such jurisdiction, the carry-forward periods available to us for tax reporting purposes, and other relevant factors. See Note 14 “Income Taxes” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Other Items

To supplement our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), we use the following non-U.S. GAAP (“Non-GAAP”) financial measures of financial performance:

•“Adjusted Net Trading Income”, which is the amount of revenue we generate from our market making activities, or Trading income, net, plus Commissions, net and technology services, plus Interest and dividends income, less direct costs associated with those revenues, including Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net, and Interest and dividends expense. We also disclose Adjusted Net Trading Income by segment, including daily averages. Management believes that Adjusted Net Trading Income is useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period. Although we use Adjusted Net Trading Income as a financial measure to assess the performance of our business, the use of Adjusted Net Trading Income is limited because it does not include certain material costs that are necessary to operate our business. Our presentation of Adjusted Net Trading Income should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by revenues or expenses that are not directly associated with our core business activities.

•“EBITDA”, which measures our operating performance by adjusting Net Income to exclude Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings, Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment, and commitment fees, Depreciation and amortization, Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software, and Income tax expense, and “Adjusted EBITDA”, which measures our operating performance by further adjusting EBITDA to exclude severance, transaction advisory fees and expenses, termination of office leases, charges related to share-based compensation and other expenses, which includes reserves for legal matters, and Other, net, which includes gains and losses from strategic investments, the sales of businesses, and other income.

•“Normalized Adjusted Net Income”, “Normalized Adjusted Net Income before income taxes”, “Normalized provision for income taxes”, and “Normalized Adjusted EPS”, which we calculate by adjusting Net Income to exclude certain items, and other non-cash items, assuming that all vested and unvested Virtu Financial Units have been exchanged for Class A Common Stock, and applying an effective tax rate, which was approximately 24%.

•Operating Margins, which are calculated by dividing net income, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA by Adjusted Net Trading Income.

Adjusted Net Trading Income, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Normalized Adjusted Net Income, Normalized Adjusted Net Income before income taxes, Normalized provision for income taxes, Normalized Adjusted EPS, and Operating Margins (collectively, the “Company's Non-GAAP Measures”) are non-GAAP financial measures used by management in evaluating operating performance and in making strategic decisions. In addition, the Company's Non-GAAP Measures or similar non-GAAP financial measures are used by research analysts, investment bankers and lenders to assess our operating performance. Management believes that the presentation of the Company's Non-GAAP Measures provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations and cash flows because they assist both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. The Company's Non-GAAP Measures provide indicators of general economic performance that are not affected by fluctuations in certain costs or other items. Accordingly, management believes that these measurements are useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period. Furthermore, our Credit Agreement contains covenants and other tests based on metrics similar to Adjusted EBITDA. Other companies may define Adjusted Net Trading Income, Adjusted EBITDA, Normalized Adjusted Net Income, Normalized Adjusted Net Income before income taxes, Normalized provision for income taxes, Normalized Adjusted EPS, and Operating Margins differently, and as a result the Company's Non-GAAP Measures may not be directly comparable to those of other companies. Although we use the Company's Non-GAAP Measures as financial measures to assess the performance of our business, such use is limited because they do not include certain material costs necessary to operate our business.

The Company's Non-GAAP Measures should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, Net Income in accordance with U.S. GAAP as a measure of performance. Our presentation of the Company's Non-GAAP Measures should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or nonrecurring items. The Company's Non-GAAP Measures have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under U.S. GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

•they do not reflect every cash expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

•our EBITDA-based measures do not reflect the significant interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payment on our debt;

•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced or require improvements in the future, and our EBITDA-based measures do not reflect any cash requirement for such replacements or improvements;

•they are not adjusted for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in our consolidated statements of cash flows;

•they do not reflect the impact of earnings or charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations; and

•they do not reflect limitations on our costs related to transferring earnings from our subsidiaries to us.

Because of these limitations, the Company's Non-GAAP Measures are not intended as alternatives to Net Income as indicators of our operating performance and should not be considered as measures of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or as measures of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations. We compensate for these limitations by using the Company's Non-GAAP Measures along with other comparative tools, together with U.S. GAAP measurements, to assist in the evaluation of operating performance. These U.S. GAAP measurements include operating Net Income, cash flows from operations and cash flow data. See below a reconciliation of each of the Company's Non-GAAP Measures to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure.

The following table reconciles the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income to arrive at Adjusted Net Trading Income, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, and Operating Margins for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Reconciliation of Trading income, net to Adjusted Net Trading Income
Trading income, net	$	443,997		$	316,085		$	1,278,487		$	1,034,764
Interest and dividends income	125,229			127,693			338,287			307,916
Commissions, net and technology services	131,621			110,276			376,333			341,223
Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net	(176,745)			(123,245)			(467,331)			(391,238)
Interest and dividends expense	(136,070)			(132,802)			(385,791)			(342,896)
Adjusted Net Trading Income	$	388,032		$	298,007		$	1,139,985		$	949,769

Reconciliation of Net Income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA
Net income	$	119,023		$	117,593		$	358,448		$	257,220
Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings	24,492			25,361			71,154			74,499
Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment, and commitment fees	1,767			1,796			27,740			5,744
Depreciation and amortization	16,486			15,815			48,640			47,076
Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software	11,848			15,967			38,688			48,007
Provision for income taxes	28,137			20,512			83,917			51,117
EBITDA	$	201,753		$	197,044		$	628,587		$	483,663
Severance	690			1,346			3,651			5,256

Transaction advisory fees and expenses	69			6			264			30
Termination of office leases	17			364			50			314




Other	(5,669)			(74,599)			(48,334)			(67,396)
Share based compensation	17,945			15,353			50,941			47,108


Adjusted EBITDA	$	214,805		$	139,514		$	635,159		$	468,975

Selected Operating Margins
GAAP Net income Margin (1)	16.8		%	18.7		%	17.5		%	14.6		%
Non-GAAP Net income Margin (2)	30.7		%	39.5		%	31.4		%	27.1		%
EBITDA Margin (3)	52.0		%	66.1		%	55.1		%	50.9		%
Adjusted EBITDA Margin (4)	55.4		%	46.8		%	55.7		%	49.4		%

(1)Calculated by dividing Net Income by Total Revenue.

(2)Calculated by dividing Net Income by Adjusted Net Trading Income.

(3)Calculated by dividing EBITDA by Adjusted Net Trading Income.

(4)Calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by Adjusted Net Trading Income.

The following table reconciles Net Income to arrive at Normalized Adjusted Net Income before income taxes, Normalized provision for income taxes, Normalized Adjusted Net Income and Normalized Adjusted EPS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Reconciliation of Net Income to Normalized Adjusted Net Income
Net income	$	119,023	$	117,593	$	358,448	$	257,220
Provision for income taxes	28,137		20,512		83,917		51,117
Income before income taxes	147,160		138,105		442,365		308,337

Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software	11,848		15,967		38,688		48,007

Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment, and commitment fees	1,767		1,796		27,740		5,744

Severance	690		1,346		3,651		5,256
Transaction advisory fees and expenses	69		6		264		30
Termination of office leases	17		364		50		314






Other	(5,669)		(74,599)		(48,334)		(67,396)
Share based compensation	17,945		15,353		50,941		47,108


Normalized Adjusted Net Income before income taxes	173,827		98,338		515,365		347,400
Normalized provision for income taxes (1)	41,719		23,601		123,688		83,374
Normalized Adjusted Net Income	$	132,108	$	74,737	$	391,677	$	264,026

Weighted Average Adjusted shares outstanding (2)	161,709,295		167,164,049		162,322,747		169,101,067

Basic earnings per share	$	0.65	$	0.63	$	1.95	$	1.36
Normalized Adjusted EPS	$	0.82	$	0.45	$	2.41	$	1.56

(1)Reflects U.S. federal, state, and local income tax rate applicable to corporations of approximately 24% for all periods presented.

(2)Assumes that (1) holders of all vested and unvested non-vesting Virtu Financial Units (together with corresponding shares of the Company's Class C common stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Class C Common Stock”)) have exercised their right to exchange such Virtu Financial Units for shares of Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis, (2) holders of all Virtu Financial Units (together with corresponding shares of the Company's Class D common stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Class D Common Stock”)) have exercised their right to exchange such Virtu Financial Units for shares of the Company's Class B common stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Class B Common Stock”) on a one-for-one basis, and subsequently exercised their right to convert the shares of Class B Common Stock into shares of Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis. Includes additional shares from the dilutive impact of options, restricted stock units and restricted stock awards outstanding under the Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated ITG 2007 Equity Plan during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The following tables reconcile Trading income, net to Adjusted Net Trading Income by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Total
Trading income, net	$	440,442	$	3,555	$	—	$	443,997
Commissions, net and technology services	12,721		118,900		—		131,621
Interest and dividends income	122,065		3,164		—		125,229
Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net	(152,316)		(24,429)		—		(176,745)
Interest and dividends expense	(134,912)		(1,158)		—		(136,070)
Adjusted Net Trading Income	$	288,000	$	100,032	$	—	$	388,032



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Total
Trading income, net	$	310,523	$	5,562	$	—	$	316,085
Commissions, net and technology services	6,343		103,933		—		110,276
Interest and dividends income	124,803		2,890		—		127,693
Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net	(101,077)		(22,168)		—		(123,245)
Interest and dividends expense	(132,523)		(279)		—		(132,802)
Adjusted Net Trading Income	$	208,069	$	89,938	$	—	$	298,007


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Total
Trading income, net	$	1,264,214	$	14,273	$	—	$	1,278,487
Commissions, net and technology services	29,203		347,130		—		376,333
Interest and dividends income	330,178		8,109		—		338,287
Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net	(394,154)		(73,177)		—		(467,331)
Interest and dividends expense	(382,200)		(3,591)		—		(385,791)
Adjusted Net Trading Income	$	847,241	$	292,744	$	—	$	1,139,985


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Market Making		Execution Services		Corporate		Total
Trading income, net	$	1,021,179	$	13,585	$	—	$	1,034,764
Commissions, net and technology services	22,677		318,546		—		341,223
Interest and dividends income	300,086		7,830		—		307,916
Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net	(323,868)		(67,370)		—		(391,238)
Interest and dividends expense	(340,954)		(1,942)		—		(342,896)
Adjusted Net Trading Income	$	679,120	$	270,649	$	—	$	949,769

The following table shows our Adjusted Net Trading Income and average daily Adjusted Net Trading Income by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:



	Three Months Ended September 30,
Adjusted Net Trading Income by Segment (in thousands):	2024		2023		% Change
Market Making	$	288,000	$	208,069	38.4%





Execution Services	100,032		89,938		11.2%



Adjusted Net Trading Income	$	388,032	$	298,007	30.2%

	Three Months Ended September 30,
Average Daily Adjusted Net Trading Income by Segment (in thousands):	2024		2023		% Change
Market Making	$	4,500	$	3,303	36.3%





Execution Services	1,563		1,428		9.5%



Average Daily Adjusted Net Trading Income	$	6,063	$	4,731	29.8%



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
Adjusted Net Trading Income by Segment (in thousands):	2024		2023		% Change
Market Making	$	847,241	$	679,120	24.8%





Execution Services	292,744		270,649		8.2%



Adjusted Net Trading Income	$	1,139,985	$	949,769	20.0%

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
Average Daily Adjusted Net Trading Income by Segment (in thousands):	2024		2023		% Change
Market Making	$	4,507	$	3,632	24.1%





Execution Services	1,557		1,447		7.6%



Average Daily Adjusted Net Trading Income	$	6,064	$	5,079	19.6%

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Total Revenues

Our total revenues increased $76.6 million, or 12.2%, to $706.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $630.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by an increase of $127.9 million in Trading income, net due to higher trading volumes and increased opportunities across global markets and an increase of $21.3 million in Commissions, net and technology services due to strengthened institutional engagement, offset by a decrease of $70.1 million in Other, net, as a result of gains on settlement fund recoveries received during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

The following table shows total revenues by segment for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Three Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except for percentage)	2024		2023		% Change
Market Making
Trading income, net	$	440,442	$	310,523	41.8%
Interest and dividends income	122,065		124,803		(2.2)%
Commissions, net and technology services	12,721		6,343		100.6%
Other, net	1,432		75,682		(98.1)%
Total revenues from Market Making	$	576,660	$	517,351	11.5%

Execution Services
Trading income, net	$	3,555	$	5,562	(36.1)%
Interest and dividends income	3,164		2,890		9.5%
Commissions, net and technology services	118,900		103,933		14.4%
Other, net	108		68		58.8%
Total revenues from Execution Services	$	125,727	$	112,453	11.8%

Corporate



Other, net	$	4,453	$	360	NM
Total revenues from Corporate	$	4,453	$	360	NM

Consolidated
Trading income, net	$	443,997	$	316,085	40.5%
Interest and dividends income	125,229		127,693		(1.9)%
Commissions, net and technology services	131,621		110,276		19.4%
Other, net	5,993		76,110		(92.1)%
Total revenues	$	706,840	$	630,164	12.2%

Trading income, net. Trading income, net was primarily earned by our Market Making segment. Trading income, net increased $127.9 million, or 40.5% to $444.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $316.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was largely a result of higher trading volumes and increased opportunities across global markets during the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. Rather than analyzing trading income, net, in isolation, we evaluate it in the broader context of our Adjusted Net Trading Income, together with Interest and dividends income, Interest and dividends expense, Commissions, net and technology services and Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net, each of which is described below.

Interest and dividends income. Interest and dividends income was primarily earned by our Market Making segment. Interest and dividends income decreased $2.5 million, or 2.0%, to $125.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $127.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in interest income earned on cash collateral posted as part of securities borrowing transactions driven by lower interest rates for the period compared to the same period during the prior year. As indicated above, rather than analyzing interest and dividends income in isolation, we evaluate it in the broader context of our Adjusted Net Trading Income.

Commissions, net and technology services. Commissions, net and technology services revenues were primarily earned by our Execution Services segment. Commissions, net and technology services revenues increased $21.3 million, or 19.3%, to $131.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $110.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was driven by higher client volumes and increasing institutional engagement compared to the same period in 2023. As indicated above, rather than analyzing interest and dividends income in isolation, we evaluate it in the broader context of our Adjusted Net Trading Income.

Other, net. Other, net decreased $70.1 million, to $6.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $76.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The three months ended September 30, 2023 included gains on settlement fund recoveries in which we are eligible to participate based on our transactions in the applicable products.

Adjusted Net Trading Income

Adjusted Net Trading Income, which is a non-GAAP measure, increased $90.0 million, or 30.2%, to $388.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $298.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to higher Trading income, net due to higher trading volumes and increased opportunities during the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023, as noted above, partially offset by higher Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net as described below. Average daily Adjusted Net Trading Income increased $1.4 million, or 29.8%, to $6.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $4.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. For a full description of Adjusted Net Trading Income and a reconciliation of Adjusted Net Trading Income to trading income, net, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Other Items” in this Item 2. “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses increased $67.6 million, or 13.7%, to $559.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $492.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in operating expenses is primarily due to an increase in Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net, described in more detail below.

Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net. Brokerage exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net, increased $53.5 million, or 43.4%, to $176.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $123.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. These costs vary period to period based upon the level and composition of our trading activities. We evaluate this category representing direct costs associated with transacting business, in the broader context of our Adjusted Net Trading Income.

Communication and data processing. Communication and data processing expense increased $2.5 million, or 4.4%, to $59.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $57.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily due to increased spending on market data and colocation services.

Employee compensation and payroll taxes. Employee compensation and payroll taxes increased $10.4 million, or 10.7%, to $107.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $97.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in compensation levels was primarily attributable to an increase in accrued incentive compensation, which is recorded at management’s discretion and is generally accrued in connection with the overall level of profitability on a year-to-date basis, as well as the anticipated mix of cash and stock-based awards.

We have capitalized and therefore excluded employee compensation and benefits related to software development of $9.3 million and $9.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Interest and dividends expense. Interest and dividends expense increased $3.3 million, or 2.5%, to $136.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $132.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to increased borrowing activities for the period compared to the same period during the prior year. As indicated above, rather than analyzing interest and dividends expense in isolation, we evaluate it in the broader context of our Adjusted Net Trading Income.

Operations and administrative. Operations and administrative expense increased $2.5 million, or 11.2%, to $24.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $22.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in professional expense, as well as less favorable foreign exchange rate movements during the period.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased $0.7 million, or 4.4%, to $16.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $15.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was driven primarily by an increase in amortization of leased equipment compared to the same period in 2023.

Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software. Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software decreased $4.2 million, or 26.3%, to $11.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $16.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This decrease was due to certain intangible assets being fully amortized during 2023.

Termination of office leases. Termination of office leases was insignificant for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023. These expenses, when incurred, are related to the impairment of lease right-of-use assets,

leasehold improvements and fixed assets for certain abandoned or vacated office space. There were no significant lease terminations in either period.

Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment and commitment fees. Expense from debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment and commitment fees remained consistent at $1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Refer to Note 9 “Borrowings” in Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more details on our borrowing arrangements.

Transaction advisory fees and expenses. Transaction advisory fees and expenses were insignificant for both the three months ended September 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023. These expenses, when incurred, are primarily in relation to our strategic investment portfolio.

Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings. Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings decreased $0.9 million, or 3.5%, to $24.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $25.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023.The decrease was attributable to the amortization of the amounts in AOCI related to the interest rate swaps terminated in December 2023 as well as lower overall interest rates as a result of rate cuts and our debt refinancing described in Note 9 “Borrowings”.

Provision for income taxes

We incur corporate tax at the U.S. federal income tax rate on our taxable income, as adjusted for noncontrolling interest in Virtu Financial. Our income tax expense reflects such U.S. federal income tax as well as taxes payable by certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. Our provision for income taxes and effective tax rates were $28.1 million and 19.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $20.5 million and 14.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Total Revenues

Our total revenues increased $285.3 million, or 16.2%, to $2,042.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1,757.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase of $243.7 million in Trading income, net due to higher trading volumes and increased opportunities across global markets and an increase of $35.1 million in Commissions, net and technology services driven by strengthened institutional engagement during the period during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

The following table shows the total revenues by segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except for percentage)	2024		2023		% Change
Market Making
Trading income, net	$	1,264,214	$	1,021,179	23.8%
Interest and dividends income	330,178		300,086		10.0%
Commissions, net and technology services	29,203		22,677		28.8%
Other, net	43,855		77,580		(43.5)%
Total revenues from Market Making	$	1,667,450	$	1,421,522	17.3%

Execution Services
Trading income, net	$	14,273	$	13,585	5.1%
Interest and dividends income	8,109		7,830		3.6%
Commissions, net and technology services	347,130		318,546		9.0%
Other, net	1,063		84		NM
Total revenues from Execution Services	$	370,575	$	340,045	9.0%

Corporate



Other, net	$	4,639	$	(4,171)	NM
Total revenues from Corporate	$	4,639	$	(4,171)	NM

Consolidated
Trading income, net	$	1,278,487	$	1,034,764	23.6%
Interest and dividends income	338,287		307,916		9.9%
Commissions, net and technology services	376,333		341,223		10.3%
Other, net	49,557		73,493		(32.6)%
Total revenues	$	2,042,664	$	1,757,396	16.2%

Trading income, net. Trading income, net was primarily earned by our Market Making segment. Trading income, net, increased $243.7 million, or 23.6%, to $1,278.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1,034.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was largely a result of higher trading volumes and increased opportunities across global markets during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. Rather than analyzing Trading income, net, in isolation, we evaluate it in the broader context of our Adjusted Net Trading Income, together with Interest and dividends income, Interest and dividends expense, Commissions, net and technology services and Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net, each of which are described below.

Interest and dividends income. Interest and dividends income was primarily earned by our Market Making segment. Interest and dividends income increased $30.4 million, or 9.9%, to $338.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $307.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in interest income earned on cash collateral posted as part of securities borrowed transactions, driven by higher interest rates for the period compared to the same period during the prior year, despite the rate cuts during the three months ended September 30, 2024. As indicated above, rather than analyzing interest and dividends income in isolation, we evaluate it in the broader context of our Adjusted Net Trading Income.

Commissions, net and technology services. Commissions, net and technology services revenues were primarily earned by our Execution Services segment. Commissions, net and technology services revenues increased $35.1 million, or 10.3%, to $376.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $341.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was driven by relatively higher client volumes and increasing institutional engagement compared to the same period in 2023. As indicated above, rather than analyzing commission income in isolation, we evaluate it in the broader context of our Adjusted Net Trading Income.

Other, net. Other, net decreased $23.9 million, or 32.5%, to $49.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $73.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The income for the nine months ended

September 30, 2024 and 2023 were primarily related to gains on settlement fund recoveries in which we are eligible to participate based on our transactions in the applicable products.

Adjusted Net Trading Income

Adjusted Net Trading Income, which is a non-GAAP measure, increased $190.2 million, or 20.0%, to $1,140.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $949.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to higher Trading income, net, as noted above, partially offset by higher Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net and Interest and dividends expense as described below. Average daily Adjusted Net Trading Income increased $1.0 million, or 19.6%, to $6.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $5.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The number of trading days was 188 days for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 187 days for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. For a full description of Adjusted Net Trading Income and a reconciliation of Adjusted Net Trading Income to trading income, net, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Other Items” in this “Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses increased $151.2 million, or 10.4%, to $1,600.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1,449.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by increase in Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net, Interest and dividends expense, and Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment and commitment fees.

Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net. Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net, increased $76.1 million, or 19.5%, to $467.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $391.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. These costs vary period to period based upon the level and composition of our trading activities. We evaluate this category, representing direct costs associated with transacting our business, in the broader context of our Adjusted Net Trading Income.

Communication and data processing. Communication and data processing expense increased $6.3 million, or 3.7%, to $177.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $170.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to increased connectivity spending on market data, subscription, and communication networks maintained by our joint ventures.

Employee compensation and payroll taxes. Employee compensation and payroll taxes increased $18.0 million, or 6.1%, to $314.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $296.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in compensation levels was primarily attributable to an increase in accrued incentive compensation, which is recorded at management’s discretion and is generally accrued in connection with the overall level of profitability on a year-to-date basis, as well as the anticipated mix of cash and stock-based awards.

We have capitalized and therefore excluded employee compensation and benefits related to software development of $30.1 million and $29.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Interest and dividends expense. Interest and dividends expense increased $42.9 million, or 12.5%, to $385.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $342.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to higher interest expense incurred on cash collateral received driven by higher interest rates, as well as an increase in securities lending transactions and higher dividends expense with respect to securities sold, not yet purchased for the period compared to the same period during the prior year. As indicated above, rather than analyzing interest and dividends expense in isolation, we generally evaluate it in the broader context of our Adjusted Net Trading Income.

Operations and administrative. Operations and administrative expense decreased $2.9 million, or 4.0%, to $69.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $72.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in regulatory and occupancy expenses.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased $1.5 million, or 3.2%, to $48.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $47.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was driven primarily by increased amortization of capitalized software and depreciation of leased equipment compared to the prior period.

Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software. Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software decreased $9.3 million, or 19.4%, to $38.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $48.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily attributable to certain intangible assets being fully amortized in 2023.

Termination of office leases. Termination of office leases was insignificant for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023. These expenses, when incurred, are related to the impairment of lease right-of-use assets, leasehold improvements and fixed assets for certain abandoned or vacated office space. There were no significant lease terminations in either period.

Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment and commitment fees. Expense from debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment and commitment fees increased $22.0 million, or 386.0%, to $27.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $5.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by the acceleration of our capitalized debt issue cost and discount on our previous term loan as a result of refinancing during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. See Note 9 “Borrowings” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional details.

Transaction advisory fees and expenses. Transaction advisory fees and expenses were insignificant for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023. These expenses, when incurred, are primarily in relation to our strategic investment portfolio.

Financing interest expense on long term borrowings. Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings decreased $3.3 million, or 4.4%, to $71.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $74.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This decrease was attributable to the decrease in outstanding principal as a result of the voluntary prepayment in December 2023, the amortization of the amounts in AOCI related to the interest rate swaps terminated in December 2023, as well as a lower overall interest rate after our debt refinancing described in Note 9 “Borrowings”.

Provision for income taxes

We incur corporate tax at the U.S. federal income tax rate on our taxable income, as adjusted for noncontrolling interest in Virtu Financial. Our income tax expense reflects such U.S. federal income tax as well as taxes payable by certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. Our provision for income taxes and effective tax rate was $83.9 million and 19.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to a provision for income taxes and effective tax rate of $51.1 million and 16.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

General

As of September 30, 2024, we had $701.4 million in Cash and cash equivalents. This balance is maintained primarily to support operating activities, for capital expenditures and for short-term access to liquidity, and for other general corporate purposes. As of September 30, 2024, we had borrowings under our prime brokerage credit facilities of approximately $143.9 million, borrowings under our broker dealer facilities of $110.0 million, and long-term debt outstanding in an aggregate principal amount of approximately $1,769.4 million.

The majority of our trading assets consist of exchange-listed marketable securities, which are marked-to-market daily, and collateralized receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations arising from proprietary securities transactions. Collateralized receivables consist primarily of securities borrowed, receivables from clearing houses for settlement of securities transactions and, to a lesser extent, securities purchased under agreements to resell. We actively manage our liquidity, and we maintain significant borrowing facilities through the securities lending markets and with banks and prime brokers. We have continually received the benefit of uncommitted margin financing from our prime brokers globally. These margin facilities are secured by securities in accounts held at the prime brokers. For purposes of providing additional liquidity, we maintain a committed credit facility and an uncommitted credit facility for our wholly-owned U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary, as discussed in Note 9 “Borrowings” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Short-term Liquidity and Capital Resources

Based on our current level of operations, we believe our cash flows from operations, available cash and cash equivalents, and available borrowings under our broker-dealer credit facilities will be adequate to meet our future liquidity needs for the next twelve months. We anticipate that our primary upcoming cash and liquidity needs will be increased due to margin requirements from increased trading activities in markets where we currently provide liquidity and in new markets into which we plan to expand. We manage and monitor our margin and liquidity needs on a real-time basis and can adjust our requirements both intra-day and inter-day, as required.

We expect our principal sources of future liquidity to come from cash flows provided by operating activities and financing activities. Certain of our cash balances are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, generally up to $250,000 per account but without a cap under certain conditions. From time to time these cash balances may exceed insured limits, but we select financial institutions deemed highly credit worthy to minimize risk. We consider highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months, when acquired, to be cash equivalents.

Long-term Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal demand for funds beyond the next twelve months will be payments on our long-term debt, operating lease payments, common stock repurchases under our share repurchase program, and dividend payments. Based on our current level of operations, we believe our cash flow from operations, and ability to raise funding, will be sufficient to fund capital demands.

Tax Receivable Agreements

Generally, we are required under the tax receivable agreements entered into in connection with our IPO to make payments to certain direct or indirect equity holders of Virtu Financial that are generally equal to 85% of the applicable cash tax savings, if any, that we realize as a result of favorable tax attributes that are available to us as a result of the IPO and certain reorganization transactions undertaken in connection therewith, for exchanges of membership interests for Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock and payments made under the tax receivable agreements. We will retain the remaining 15% of any such cash tax savings. We expect that future payments to certain direct or indirect equity holders of Virtu Financial described in Note 5 “Tax Receivable Agreements” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are expected to range from approximately $0.1 million to $22.0 million per year over the next 15 years. Such payments will occur only after we have filed our U.S. federal and state income tax returns and realized the cash tax savings from the favorable tax attributes. We made payments totaling $114.0 million from February 2017 through September 2024. Future payments under the tax receivable agreements in respect of subsequent exchanges would be in addition to these amounts. We currently expect to fund these payments from realized cash tax savings from the favorable tax attributes.

Under the tax receivable agreements, as a result of certain types of transactions and other factors, including a transaction resulting in a change of control, we may also be required to make payments to certain direct or indirect equity holders of Virtu Financial in amounts equal to the present value of future payments we are obligated to make under the tax receivable agreements. We would expect any acceleration of these payments to be funded from the realized favorable tax attributes. However, if the payments under the tax receivable agreements are accelerated, we may be required to raise additional debt or equity to fund such payments. To the extent that we are unable to make payments under the tax receivable agreements for any reason (including because our Credit Agreement restricts the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us) such payments will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid.

Regulatory Capital Requirements

Our principal U.S. subsidiary, Virtu Americas LLC (“VAL”) is subject to separate regulation and capital requirements in the U.S. and other jurisdictions. VAL is a registered U.S. broker-dealer, and its primary regulators include the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). In June 2023 our U.S. subsidiary RFQ-hub Americas LLC (“RAL”, as described in Note 3 “Business Held for Sale”, which is currently held for sale) became a registered U.S. broker-dealer and as such is subject to regulation and capital requirements from its primary regulators, the SEC and FINRA.

The SEC and FINRA impose rules that require notification when regulatory capital falls below certain pre-defined criteria. These rules also dictate the ratio of debt-to-equity in the regulatory capital composition of a broker-dealer and constrain the ability of a broker-dealer to expand its business under certain circumstances. If a firm fails to maintain the required regulatory capital, it may be subject to suspension or revocation of registration by the applicable regulatory agency, and suspension or expulsion by these regulators could ultimately lead to the Company’s liquidation. Additionally, certain applicable rules impose requirements that may have the effect of prohibiting a broker-dealer from distributing or withdrawing capital and requiring prior notice to and/or approval from the SEC and FINRA for certain capital withdrawals. VAL is also subject to

rules set forth by NYSE and is required to maintain a certain level of capital in connection with the operation of its designated market maker business.

Our Canadian subsidiaries, Virtu Canada Corp (f/k/a Virtu ITG Canada Corp.) and Virtu Financial Canada ULC, are subject to regulatory capital requirements and periodic requirements to report their regulatory capital and submit other regulatory reports set forth by the Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization. Our Irish subsidiaries, Virtu Financial Ireland Limited (“VFIL”) and Virtu Europe Trading Limited (“VETL”) (f/k/a Virtu ITG Europe Limited) are regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland as Investment Firms and in accordance with European Union law are required to maintain a minimum amount of regulatory capital based upon their positions, financial conditions, and other factors. In addition to periodic requirements to report their regulatory capital and submit other regulatory reports, VFIL and VETL are required to obtain consent prior to receiving capital contributions or making capital distributions from their regulatory capital. Failure to comply with their regulatory capital requirements could result in regulatory sanction or revocation of their regulatory license. Virtu ITG UK Limited is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom and is subject to similar prudential capital requirements. Virtu ITG Australia Limited, and Virtu ITG Hong Kong Limited are also subject to local regulatory capital requirements and are regulated by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong, respectively. Virtu ITG Singapore Pte. Limited and Virtu Financial Singapore Pte. Ltd. have similar regulatory requirements and are regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

See Note 20 “Regulatory Requirement” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of regulatory capital requirements of our regulated subsidiaries.

Broker Dealer Credit Facilities, Short-Term Bank Loans, and Prime Brokerage Credit Facilities

We maintain various broker-dealer facilities and short-term credit facilities as part of our daily trading operations. See Note 9 “Borrowings” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for details on our various credit facilities. As of September 30, 2024, there was an outstanding principal balance on our broker-dealer facilities of $110.0 million, and the outstanding aggregate short-term credit facilities with various prime brokers and other financial institutions from which the Company receives execution or clearing services was approximately $143.9 million, which was netted within Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Credit Agreement

On January 13, 2022 (the “Credit Agreement Closing Date”), Virtu Financial, VFH Parent LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a subsidiary of Virtu Financial (“VFH”), entered into the Credit Agreement, with the lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and JPMorgan Chase bank, N.A., Goldman Sachs Bank USA, RBC Capital Markets, Barclays Bank plc, Jefferies Finance LLC, BMO Capital Markets Corp., and CIBC World Markets Corp., as joint lead arrangers and bookrunners (the “Credit Agreement”). On the Credit Agreement Closing Date, VFH and Virtu Financial entered into the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides (i) a senior secured first lien term loan in an aggregate principal amount of $1,800.0 million, drawn in its entirety on the Credit Agreement Closing Date, the proceeds of which were used by VFH to repay all amounts outstanding under the Acquisition Credit Agreement, to pay fees and expenses in connection therewith, to fund share repurchases under the Company’s repurchase program and for general corporate purposes, and (ii) a $250.0 million senior secured first lien revolving facility to VFH, with a $20.0 million letter of credit subfacility and a $20.0 million swingline subfacility.

The term loan borrowings and revolver borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a per annum rate equal to, at the Company’s election, either (i) the greatest of (a) the prime rate in effect, (b) the greater of (1) the federal funds effective rate and (2) the overnight bank funding rate, in each case plus 0.50%, (c) an adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate with an interest period of one month plus 1.00% and (d)(1) in the case of term loan borrowings, 1.50% and (2) in the case of revolver borrowings, 1.00%, plus, (x) in the case of term loan borrowings, 2.00% and (y) in the case of revolver borrowings, 1.50% or (ii) the greater of (a) an adjusted term SOFR rate for the interest period in effect and (b) (1) in the case of term loan borrowings, 0.50% and (2) in the case of revolver borrowings, 0.00%, plus, (x) in the case of term loan borrowings, 3.00% and (y) in the case of revolver borrowings, 2.50%. In addition, a commitment fee accrues at a rate of 0.50% per annum on the average daily unused amount of the revolving facility, with step-downs to 0.375% and 0.25% per annum based on VFH’s first lien leverage ratio, and is payable quarterly in arrears.

The revolving facility under the Credit Agreement is subject to a springing net first lien leverage ratio which may spring into effect as of the last day of a fiscal quarter if usage of the aggregate revolving commitments exceeds a specified level as of such date. VFH is also subject to contingent principal prepayments based on excess cash flow and certain other triggering events. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by Virtu Financial and VFH’s material non-regulated domestic

restricted subsidiaries and secured by substantially all of the assets of VFH and the guarantors, in each case, subject to certain exceptions.

In October 2019, the Company entered into a five-year $525.0 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement. In January 2020, the Company entered into a five-year $1,000.0 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement. These two interest rate swaps met the criteria to be considered and were designated as qualifying cash flow hedges under ASC 815 in the first quarter of 2020, and they effectively fixed interest payment obligations on $525.0 million and $1,000.0 million of principal under the Acquisition First Lien Term Loan Facility at rates of 4.3% and 4.4% through September 2024 and January 2025, respectively, based on the interest rates set forth in the Acquisition Credit Agreement. In April 2021, each of the swap agreements described above was novated to another counterparty and amended in connection with such novation. The amendments included certain changes to collateral posting obligations and also had the effect of increasing the effective fixed interest payment obligations to rates of 4.5%, with respect to the earlier maturing swap arrangement, and 4.6% with respect to the later maturing swap arrangement. In January 2022, in order to align the swap agreements with the Credit Agreement, the Company amended each of the swap agreements to align the floating rate term of such swap agreements to SOFR. The effective fixed interest payment obligations remained at 4.5%, with respect to the earlier maturing swap arrangement, and 4.6% with respect to the later maturing swap arrangement.

In December 2023, the Company terminated the two interest rate swap arrangements and received $55.8 million in proceeds from the counterparty. The Company therefore dedesignated those cash flow hedges under ASC 815, and the amounts in AOCI related to the terminated swaps are amortized through interest expense. The Company simultaneously entered into a two-year $1,525.0 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement with the same counterparty (the “December 2023 Swap”). The December 2023 Swap met the criteria to be considered and was designated as a qualifying cash flow hedge under ASC 815 as of December 2023, and it effectively fixed interest payment obligations on $1,525.0 million of principal under the First Lien Term Loan Facility at a rate of 7.5% through November 2025, based on the interest rates set forth in the Credit Agreement.

On June 21, 2024 (the “Amendment Effective Date”), the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) and completed the issuance of the Notes (as defined below). Pursuant to the Amended Credit Agreement, $1,245.0 million in aggregate principal amount of senior secured first lien term B-1 loans due 2031 (the “New Term Loans”) were issued, the proceeds of which were used, along with the proceeds of the Notes, to repay in full all term loans previously outstanding under the Credit Agreement. Additionally, the Amended Credit Agreement provides an increase in its senior secured first lien revolving credit facility from $250.0 million to $300.0 million and an extension of the maturity thereof to three years after the Amendment Effective Date.

As of September 30, 2024, $1,245.0 million was outstanding under the term loans. We were in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Credit Agreement as of September 30, 2024.

In connection with its entry into the Amended Credit Agreement and the associated reduction in term loan balance, the Company partially terminated the December 2023 Swap, reducing the notional amount thereof from $1,525.0 million to $1,075.0 million and received $2.0 million in proceeds from the counterparty. The cash flow hedge was proportionally dedesignated under ASC 815 as of June 21, 2024. As a result of the partial dedesignation, we recognized a gain of $5.7 million in Other Income. The current interest rate swap effectively fixed interest payment obligations on the $1,075.0 million of principal of the New Term Loans at a rate of 7.17% through November 2025, based on the interest rates set forth in the Amended Credit Agreement.

Senior Secured First Lien Notes

obligations under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement on a first-priority basis.


Period						Percentage
2027						103.750%
2028						101.875%
2029 and thereafter						100.000%

Cash Flows

Our main sources of liquidity are cash flow from the operations of our subsidiaries, our broker-dealer credit facilities (as described above), margin financing provided by our prime brokers and cash on hand.

The table below summarizes our primary sources and uses of cash for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
Net cash provided by (used in):	2024		2023
Operating activities	$	207,509	$	143,691
Investing activities	(55,659)		(70,463)
Financing activities	(272,827)		(385,285)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	3,745		170
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(117,232)	$	(311,887)

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $207.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $143.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The change in net cash provided by operating activities was primarily attributable to higher net income as well as movements in noncash adjustments for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior period.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities, which includes cash used with respect to capitalized software and cash used in the acquisition of property and equipment, was $55.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with net cash used in investing activities of $70.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The change in net cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to decreases in acquisition of property and equipment in the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $272.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to Net cash used in financing activities of $385.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily attributable to $1,741.9 million of net proceeds from long-term borrowings and $129.6 million of net proceeds from short-term borrowings, offset by $1,727.0 million of repayment of our previous long-term borrowings, $247.9 million in dividends to stockholders and distributions made to noncontrolling interests, and $132.9 million in purchases of treasury stock. The cash used in financing activities of $385.3 million during the same period of 2023 primarily reflects $251.9 million net dividends to stockholders and distributions to noncontrolling interests, and $184.4 million purchase of treasury stock, partially offset by net proceeds of $96.1 million from short-term borrowings.

Share Repurchase Program

On November 6, 2020, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to $100.0 million in Class A common stock and Virtu Financial Units by December 31, 2021. Subsequently, the Company's Board of Directors authorized expansions of the share repurchase program on February 11, 2021 to $170.0 million, on May 4, 2021 to $470.0 million (and extended the duration through May 4, 2022), on November 3, 2021 to $1,220.0 million (and extended the duration through November 3, 2023, and on November 2, 2023, further extended the program through December 31, 2024), and on April 24, 2024 to $1,720 million (and extended the duration through April 24, 2026).

The share repurchase program authorizes the Company to repurchase shares from time to time in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or by other means. Repurchases are also permitted to be made under Rule 10b5-1 plans. The timing and amount of repurchase transactions are determined by the Company's management based on its evaluation of market conditions, share price, cash sources, legal requirements and other factors. From the inception of the program through September 30, 2024, the Company repurchased approximately 48.7 million shares of Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units for approximately $1,224.7 million. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has approximately of $495.3 million remaining capacity for future purchases of shares of Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units under the program.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the applicable reporting period. Critical accounting policies are those that are the most important portrayal of our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and that require our most difficult, subjective and complex judgments as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, our most critical accounting policies are discussed below. In applying such policies, we must use some amounts that are based upon our informed judgments and best estimates. Estimates, by their nature, are based upon judgments and available information. The estimates that we make are based upon historical factors, current circumstances and the experience and judgment of management. We evaluate our assumptions and estimates on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Valuation of Financial Instruments

Due to the nature of our operations, substantially all of our financial instrument assets, comprised of financial instruments owned, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations are carried at fair value based on published market prices and are marked to market daily, or are assets which are short-term in nature and are reflected at amounts approximating fair value. Similarly, all of our financial instrument liabilities that arise from financial instruments sold but not yet purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, securities loaned, and payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations are short-term in nature and are reported at quoted market prices or at amounts approximating fair value.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or would be paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Financial instruments measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories based on inputs:

Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;

Level 2 — Quoted prices in markets that are not active and financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly; or

Level 3 — Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable

The fair values for substantially all of our financial instruments owned and financial instruments sold but not yet purchased are based on observable prices and inputs and are classified in levels 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Instruments categorized within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are those which require one or more significant inputs that are not observable. Estimating the fair value of level 3 financial instruments requires judgments to be made. Due to the relative immateriality of our financial instruments classified as level 3, we do not believe that a significant change to the inputs underlying the fair value of our level 3 financial instruments would have a material impact on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 10 “Financial Assets and Liabilities” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information about fair value measurements.

Revenue Recognition

Trading Income, Net

Trading income, net, consists of trading gains and losses that are recorded on a trade date basis and reported on a net basis. Trading income, net, is comprised of changes in fair value of financial instruments owned and financial instruments sold, not yet purchased assets and liabilities (i.e., unrealized gains and losses) and realized gains and losses on equities, fixed income securities, currencies and commodities.

Interest and Dividends Income/Interest and Dividends Expense

Interest income and interest expense are accrued in accordance with contractual rates. Interest income consists of income earned on collateralized financing arrangements and on cash held by brokers and banks. Interest expense includes interest expense from collateralized transactions, margin and related short-term lending facilities. Dividends are recorded on the ex-dividend date, and interest is recognized on an accrual basis.

Commissions, Net and Technology Services

Commissions, net, which primarily comprise commissions earned on institutional client orders, are recorded on a trade date basis, which is the point at which the performance obligation to the customer is satisfied. Under a commission management program, we allow institutional clients to allocate a portion of their gross commissions to pay for research and other services provided by third parties. As we act as an agent in these transactions, we record such expenses on a net basis within Commissions, net and technology services in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Workflow technology revenues consist of order and trade execution management and order routing services we provide through our front-end workflow solutions and network capabilities.

We provide trade order routing from our execution management system (“EMS”) to our execution services offerings, with each trade order routed through the EMS representing a separate performance obligation, which is the trade data for that trade order routed, that is satisfied at a point in time. A portion of the commissions earned on the trade is then allocated to Workflow Technology based on the stand-alone selling price paid by third-party brokers for order routing. The remaining commission is allocated to Commissions, net using a residual allocation approach. Commissions earned are fixed and revenue is recognized on the trade date.

We participate in commission share arrangements, where trade orders are routed to third-party brokers from our EMS and our order management system (“OMS”). Commission share revenues from third-party brokers are generally fixed and revenue is recognized at a point in time on the trade date.

We also provide OMS and related software products and connectivity services to customers and recognize license fee revenues and monthly connectivity fees. License fee revenues, generated for the use of our OMS and other software products, are fixed and recognized at the point in time at which the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. Connectivity revenue is variable in nature, based on the number of live connections, and is recognized over time on a monthly basis using a time-based measure of progress.

Analytics revenues are earned from providing customers with analytics products and services, including trading and portfolio analytics tools. We provide analytics products and services to customers and recognize subscription fees, which are fixed for the contract term, based on when the products and services are delivered. Analytics services can be delivered either over time (when customers are provided with distinct ongoing access to analytics data) or at a point in time (when reports are only delivered to the customer on a periodic basis). Over time performance obligations are recognized using a time-based measure of progress on a monthly basis, since the analytics products and services are continually provided to the client. Point in time performance obligations are recognized when the analytics reports are delivered to the client.

Analytics products and services can also be paid for through variable bundled arrangements with trade execution services. Customers agree to pay for analytics products and services with commissions generated from trade execution services, and commissions are allocated to the analytics performance obligation(s) using:

(i)the commission value for each customer for the products and services it receives, which is priced using the value for similar stand-alone subscription arrangements; and

(ii)a calculated ratio of the commission value for the products and services relative to the total amount of commissions generated from the customer.

For these bundled commission arrangements, the allocated commissions to each analytics performance obligation are then recognized as revenue when the analytics product is delivered, either over time or at a point in time. These allocated commissions may be deferred if the allocated amount exceeds the amount recognizable based on delivery.

Share-Based Compensation

We account for share-based compensation transactions with employees under the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Compensation: Stock Compensation. Share-based compensation transactions with employees are measured based on the fair value of equity instruments issued.

Share-based awards issued for compensation in connection with or subsequent to the Reorganization Transactions and the IPO pursuant to our Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan, and assumed pursuant to the Amended and Restated ITG 2007 Equity Plan, were in the form of stock options, Class A Common Stock, restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and restricted stock units (“RSUs”). The fair value of the stock option grants is determined through the application of the Black-Scholes-Merton model. The fair value of the Class A Common Stock and RSUs is determined based on the volume weighted average price for the three days preceding the grant. With respect to the RSUs, we account for forfeitures as they occur. The fair value of RSAs is determined based on the closing price as of the date of grant. The fair value of share-based awards granted to employees is expensed based on the vesting conditions and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, or, in the case of RSAs subject to performance conditions, from the date that achievement becomes probable through the remainder of the vesting period. The assessment of the performance condition becomes certain within the year of grant. At year end there is no future assessment that would affect grants with a performance condition. We record as treasury stock shares repurchased from employees for the purpose of settling tax liabilities incurred upon the issuance of common stock, the vesting of RSUs or the exercise of stock options.

Income Taxes

We conduct our business globally through a number of separate legal entities. Consequently, our effective tax rate is dependent upon the geographic distribution of our earnings or losses and the tax laws and regulations of each legal jurisdiction in which we operate.

Certain of our wholly owned subsidiaries are subject to income taxes in foreign jurisdictions. The provision for income tax is comprised of current tax and deferred tax. Current tax represents the tax on current year tax returns, using tax rates enacted at the balance sheet date. A deferred tax asset is recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will be available against which the asset can be utilized.

We are currently subject to audit in various jurisdictions, and these jurisdictions may assess additional income tax liabilities against us. Developments in an audit, litigation, or the relevant laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations could have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that development occurs, as well as for prior and subsequent periods. We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of the appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit for each such position that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. Many factors are considered when evaluating and estimating the tax positions and tax benefits. Such estimates involve interpretations of regulations, rulings, case law, etc. and are inherently complex. Our estimates may require periodic adjustments and may not accurately anticipate actual outcomes as resolution of income tax treatments in individual jurisdictions typically would not be known for several years after completion of any fiscal year. We believe the judgments and estimates discussed above are reasonable. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material.

Tax Receivable Agreements

We are required under the tax receivable agreements entered into in connection with our IPO to make payments to certain direct or indirect equity holders of Virtu Financial that are generally equal to 85% of the applicable cash tax savings, if any, that we realize as a result of favorable tax attributes that are available to us as a result of the Reorganization Transactions, for exchanges of membership interests for Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock and payments made under the tax receivable agreements. An exchange of membership interests by the Virtu Members for Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock (an “Exchange”) during the year will give rise to favorable tax attributes that may generate cash tax savings specific to the Exchange, to be realized over a specific period of time (generally 15 years). At each Exchange, we estimate the cumulative tax receivable agreement obligations to be reported on the consolidated financial statements. The tax attributes are computed as the difference between our basis in the partnership interest (“outside basis”) as compared to our share of the adjusted tax basis of partnership property (“inside basis”), at the time of each Exchange. The computation of inside basis requires judgments in estimating the components included in the inside basis as of the date of the Exchange (such as, cash received on hypothetical sale of assets, allocation of gain/loss at the time of the Exchange taking into account complex partnership tax rules). In addition, we estimate the period of time that may generate cash tax savings of such tax attributes and the realizability of the tax attributes.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying net tangible and intangible assets of our acquisitions. Goodwill is not amortized but is assessed for impairment on an annual basis and between annual assessments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill is assessed at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below the operating segment.

When assessing impairment, an entity may perform an initial qualitative assessment, under which it assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. In evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, an entity shall assess relevant events and circumstances, including the following:

•general economic conditions;

•limitations on accessing capital;

•fluctuations in foreign exchange rates or other developments in equity and credit markets;

•industry and market considerations such as a deterioration in the environment in which an entity operates, an increased competitive environment, a decline in market-dependent multiples or metrics (considered in both absolute terms and relative to peers), a change in the market for an entity’s products or services, or a regulatory or political development;

•cost factors such as increases in raw materials, labor, or other costs that have a negative effect on earnings and cash flows;

•overall financial performance such as negative or declining cash flows or a decline in actual or planned revenue or earnings compared with actual and projected results of relevant prior periods;

•other relevant entity-specific events such as changes in management, key personnel, strategy, or customers, contemplation of bankruptcy, or litigation.

If, after assessing the totality of such events or circumstances, an entity determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then no further goodwill impairment testing is necessary.

If further testing is necessary, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value; if the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, a goodwill impairment loss is recorded, equal to the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value (not to exceed the total goodwill allocated to that reporting unit). Our estimate of goodwill impairment, if indicated based on results of the qualitative assessment, is highly dependent on our estimate of a reporting unit’s fair value.

We assess goodwill for impairment on an annual basis as of July 1st and on an interim basis when certain events or circumstances exist. In the impairment assessment as of July 1, 2024, we performed a qualitative assessment as described above for each reporting unit. No impairment of goodwill was identified.

Valuation of intangible assets involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to the timing and amounts of revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, future tax rates, royalty rates, contributory asset charges, discount rate and the resulting cash flows. We amortize finite-lived intangible assets over their estimated useful lives. Our largest finite-lived intangible asset is customer relationships, which is being amortized over an estimated useful life of ten to twelve years. Had we used a shorter estimated useful life of seven years, the Company would have recorded an additional $4.0 million and

$5.4 million of amortization expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and an additional $14.8 million and $16.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We test finite-lived intangible assets for impairment when impairment indicators are present, and if impaired, they are written down to fair value.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of recently issued accounting developments and their impact or potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements, see Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market Risk

We are exposed to various market risks in the ordinary course of business. The risks primarily relate to changes in the value of financial instruments due to factors such as market prices, interest rates, and currency rates.

Our on-exchange market making activities are not dependent on the direction of any particular market and are designed to minimize capital at risk at any given time by limiting the notional size of our positions. Our on-exchange market making strategies involve continuously quoting two-sided markets in various financial instruments with the intention of profiting by capturing the spread between the bid and offer price. If another market participant executes against the strategy’s bid or offer by crossing the spread, the strategy will attempt to lock in a return by either exiting the position or hedging in one or more different correlated instruments that represent economically equivalent value to the primary instrument. Such primary or hedging instruments include but are not limited to securities and derivatives such as: common shares, exchange traded products, American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), options, bonds, futures, spot currencies and commodities. Substantially all of the financial instruments we trade are liquid and can be liquidated within a short time frame at low cost.

Our customer market making activities involve the taking of position risks. The risks at any point in time are limited by the notional size of positions as well as other factors. The overall portfolio risks are quantified using internal risk models and monitored by the Company's Chief Risk Officer, the independent risk group and senior management.

We use various proprietary risk management tools in managing our market risk on a continuous basis (including intraday). In order to minimize the likelihood of unintended activities by our market making strategies, if our risk management system detects a trading strategy generating revenues outside of our preset limits, it will freeze, or “lockdown”, that strategy and alert risk management personnel and management.

For working capital purposes, we invest in money market funds and maintain interest and non-interest bearing balances at banks and in our trading accounts with clearing brokers, which are classified as Cash and cash equivalents and Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations, respectively, on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. These financial instruments do not have maturity dates; the balances are short-term, which helps to mitigate our market risks. We also invest our working capital in short-term U.S. government securities, which are included in Financial instruments owned on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Our cash and cash equivalents held in foreign currencies are subject to the exposure of foreign currency fluctuations. These balances are monitored daily and are hedged or reduced when appropriate and therefore not material to our overall cash position.

In the normal course of business, we maintain inventories of exchange-listed and other equity securities, and to a lesser extent, fixed income securities and listed equity options. The fair value of these financial instruments at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $7.2 billion and $7.4 billion, respectively, in long positions and $6.3 billion and $6.1 billion, respectively, in short positions. We also enter into futures contracts, which are recorded on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition within Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations or Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations as applicable.

We calculate daily the potential losses that might arise from a series of different stress events. These include both single factor and multi factor shocks to asset prices based off both historical events and hypothetical scenarios. The stress calculations include a full recalculation of any option positions, non-linear positions and leverage. Senior management and the independent risk group carefully monitor the highest stress scenarios to help mitigate the risk of exposure to extreme events.

The purchase and sale of futures contracts requires margin deposits with a Futures Commission Merchant (“FCM”). The Commodity Exchange Act requires an FCM to segregate all customer transactions and assets from the FCM’s proprietary activities. A customer’s cash and other equity deposited with an FCM are considered commingled with all other customer funds subject to the FCM’s segregation requirements. In the event of an FCM’s insolvency, recovery may be limited to the Company’s pro rata share of segregated customer funds available. It is possible that the recovery amount could be less than the total cash and other equity deposited.

Interest Rate Risk, Derivative Instruments

In the normal course of business, we utilize derivative financial instruments in connection with our proprietary trading activities. We carry our trading derivative instruments at fair value with gains and losses included in Trading income, net, in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Fair value of derivatives that are freely tradable and listed on a national exchange is determined at their last sale price as of the last business day of the period. Since gains and losses are included in earnings, we have elected not to separately disclose gains and losses on derivative instruments, but instead to disclose gains and losses within trading revenue for both derivative and non-derivative instruments.

We also use derivative instruments for risk management purposes, including cash flow hedges used to manage interest rate risk on long-term borrowings and net investment hedges used to manage foreign exchange risk. We have entered into floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements in order to manage interest rate risk associated with our long-term debt obligations. Additionally, we may seek to reduce the impact of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on our net investment in certain non-U.S. operations through the use of foreign currency forward contracts. For interest rate swap agreements and foreign currency forward contracts designated as hedges, we assess our risk management objectives and strategy, including identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item and the risk exposure and how effectiveness is to be assessed prospectively and retrospectively. The effectiveness of the hedge is assessed based on the overall changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps or forward contracts. For instruments that meet the criteria to be considered hedging instruments under ASC 815, any gains or losses, to the extent effective, are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and Other comprehensive income on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The ineffective portion, if any, is recorded in Other, net on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Futures Contracts. As part of our proprietary market making trading strategies, we use futures contracts to gain exposure to changes in values of various indices, commodities, interest rates or foreign currencies. A futures contract represents a commitment for the future purchase or sale of an asset at a specified price on a specified date. Upon entering into a futures contract, we are required to pledge to the broker an amount of cash, U.S. government securities or other assets equal to a certain percentage of the contract amount. Subsequent payments, known as variation margin, are made or received by us each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the fair values of the underlying securities. We recognize a gain or loss equal to the daily variation margin.

Due from Broker-Dealers and Clearing Organizations. Management periodically evaluates our counterparty credit exposures to various brokers and clearing organizations with a view to limiting potential losses resulting from counterparty insolvency.

Foreign Currency Risk

As a result of our international market making and execution services activities and accumulated earnings in our foreign subsidiaries, our income and net worth are subject to fluctuation in foreign exchange rates. While we generate revenues in several currencies, the majority of our operating expenses are denominated in U.S. dollars. Therefore, depreciation in these other currencies against the U.S. dollar would negatively impact revenue upon translation to the U.S. dollar. The impact of any translation of our foreign denominated earnings to the U.S. dollar is mitigated, however, through the impact of daily hedging practices that are employed by the company.

Approximately 18.6% and 16.0% of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies. We estimate that a hypothetical 10% adverse change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to our foreign denominated earnings would have resulted in decreases in total revenues of $38.0 million and $28.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries with non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates. Income, expense and cash flow items are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. The resulting currency translation adjustments are recorded as foreign exchange translation adjustment in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity. Our primary currency translation exposures historically relate to net investments in subsidiaries having functional currencies denominated in the Euro, Pound Sterling, and Canadian dollar.

Financial Instruments with Off Balance Sheet Risk

We enter into various transactions involving derivatives and other off-balance sheet financial instruments. These financial instruments include futures, forward contracts, swaps, and exchange-traded options. These derivative financial instruments are used to conduct trading activities and manage market risks and are, therefore, subject to varying degrees of market and credit risk. Derivative transactions are entered into for trading purposes or to economically hedge other positions or transactions.

Futures and forward contracts provide for delayed delivery of the underlying instrument. In situations where we write listed options, we receive a premium in exchange for giving the buyer the right to buy or sell the security at a future date at a contracted price. The contractual or notional amounts related to these financial instruments reflect the volume and activity and do not necessarily reflect the amounts at risk. Futures contracts are executed on an exchange, and cash settlement is made on a daily basis for market movements, typically with a central clearing house as the counterparty. Accordingly, futures contracts generally do not have credit risk. The credit risk for forward contracts, options, and swaps is limited to the unrealized market valuation gains recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Market risk is substantially dependent upon the value of the underlying financial instruments and is affected by market forces, such as volatility and changes in interest and foreign exchange rates.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of September 30, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, with the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error and mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of controls.

The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or because the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.

Changes to Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2024 that has or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The information required by this item is set forth in the “Legal Proceedings” section in Note 15 “Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees” to the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements”, which is incorporated by reference herein.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors described in Part I Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Pursuant to the exchange agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”) entered into on April 15, 2015 by and among the Company, Virtu Financial and holders of Virtu Financial Units, Virtu Financial Units (along with the corresponding shares of our Class C Common Stock or Class D Common Stock, as applicable) may be exchanged at any time for shares of our Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock, as applicable, on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications. During nine months ended September 30, 2024, pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, certain current and former employees elected to exchange 31,097 units in Virtu Financial held directly or on their behalf by Virtu Employee Holdco LLC (“Employee Holdco”) on a one-for-one basis for shares of Class A Common Stock. The shares of our Class A Common Stock were issued in reliance on the registration exemption contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, on the basis that the transaction did not involve a public offering. No underwriters were involved in the transaction.

Total share repurchases for the three months ended September 30, 2024 were as follows:


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs

























July 1, 2024 - July 31, 2024
Class A Common Stock repurchases	503,135	$	24.56	503,135	$531,304,828


August 1, 2024 - August 31, 2024
Class A Common Stock repurchases	595,573	$	29.62	538,369	$515,305,083


September 1, 2024 - September 30, 2024
Class A Common Stock repurchases	637,770	$	31.36	637,770	$495,305,427















Total Common Stock / Virtu Financial Unit repurchases	1,738,327	$	28.79	1,679.274	$495,305,427

(1) Includes the repurchase of 57,204 shares from employees in order to satisfy statutory tax withholding requirements upon the net settlement of equity awards for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

On November 6, 2020, the Company announced that the Board of Directors had authorized a new share repurchase program of up to $100.0 million in Class A common stock and Virtu Financial Units by December 31, 2021. On February 11, 2021, the Company announced that the Board of Directors had authorized the expansion of the program by an additional $70 million in Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units. On May 4, 2021, the Company announced that the Board of Directors had authorized the expansion of the Company's share repurchase program, increasing the total authorized amount by $300 million to $470 million in Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units and extending the duration of the program through May 4, 2022. On November 3, 2021 the Company announced that the Board of Directors had authorized the expansion of the program by an additional $750 million to $1,220 million and extending the duration of the program through November 3, 2023, which was subsequently extended through December 31, 2024. On April 24, 2024, the Company announced that the Board of Directors had authorized the expansion of the program by an additional $500 million to $1,720 million and extended the duration through April 24, 2026. The share repurchase program authorizes the Company to repurchase shares from time to time in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or by other means. Repurchases are also permitted to be made under Rule 10b5-1 plans. The timing and amount of repurchase transactions are determined by the Company's management based on its evaluation of market conditions, share price, cash sources, legal requirements and other factors. From the inception of the program through September 30, 2024, the Company repurchased approximately 48.7 million shares of Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units for approximately $1,224.7 million. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has approximately $495.3 million remaining capacity for future purchases of shares of Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units under the program.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, no director or “officer” (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted, modified or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS



Exhibit Number						Description








3.1						Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37352), filed on July 28, 2023).

3.2						Amended and Restated By-laws of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as amended (File No. 001-37352), filed on May 29, 2015).




























































31.1*						Certification of Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*						Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2*						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS*						XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.LAB*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
101.DEF*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document
104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith.

† Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


		Virtu Financial, Inc.


DATE:	October 28, 2024	By:	/s/ Douglas A. Cifu
			Douglas A. Cifu
			Chief Executive Officer


DATE:	October 28, 2024	By:	/s/ Cindy Lee
			Cindy Lee
			Chief Financial Officer

Document

EXHIBIT 31.1

CEO CERTIFICATION

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE

SARBANES — OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Douglas A. Cifu, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2024 of Virtu Financial, Inc. (the “registrant”) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: October 28, 2024	By:	/s/ Douglas A. Cifu
		Douglas A. Cifu
		Chief Executive Officer

Document

EXHIBIT 31.2

CFO CERTIFICATION

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE

SARBANES — OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Cindy Lee, certify that:

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: October 28, 2024	By:	/s/ Cindy Lee
		Cindy Lee
		Chief Financial Officer

Document

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Virtu Financial, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended September 30, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Douglas A. Cifu, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, in my capacity as an officer of the Company that, to my knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


			/s/ Douglas A. Cifu
			Douglas A. Cifu
			Chief Executive Officer

			Date: October 28, 2024

Document

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Virtu Financial, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended September 30, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Sean P. Galvin, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, in my capacity as an officer of the Company that, to my knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


			/s/ Cindy Lee
			Cindy Lee
			Chief Financial Officer

			Date: October 28, 2024